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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of glycine conjugate and (-)-(R)-enantiomer from (+)-(S)-2-phenylpropionic acid suggesting the formation of the coa thioester intermediate of (+)-(S)-enantiomer in dogs (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 4 (1992), S. 342-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: arylpropionic acid ; 2-phenylpropionic acid ; glycine conjugation ; stereoselectivity ; chiral inversion ; reverse chiral inversion ; glycine N-acyl transferase ; dog hepatocytes ; chiral HPLC ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It has been proposed that the chiral inversion of the 2-arylpropionic acids is due to the stereospecific formation of the (-)-R-profenyl-CoA thioesters which are putative intermediates in the inversion. Accordingly, amino acid conjugation, for which the CoA thioesters are obligate intermediates, should be restricted to those optical forms which give rise to the (-)-R-profenyl-CoA, i.e., the racemates and the (-)-(R)-isomers. We have examined this problem in dogs with respect to 2-phenylpropionic acid(2-PPA). Regardless of the optical configuration of 2-phenylpropionic acid administered, the glycine conjugate was the major urinary metabolite and this was shown to be exclusively the (+)-(S)-enantiomer by chiral HPLC. Both (-)-(R)- and (+)-(S)-2-phenylpropionic acid were present in plasma after the administration of either antipode, and further evidence of the chiral inversion of both enantiomers was provided by the presence of some 25% of the opposite enantiomer in the free 2-phenylpropionic acid and its glucuronide excreted in urine after administration of (-)-(R)- and (+)-(S)-2-phenylpropionic acid. The (+)-(S)-enantiomer underwent chiral inversion to the (-)-(R)-antipode when incubated with dog hepatocytes. These data suggests that both enantiomers of 2-phenylpropionic acid are substrates for canine hepatic acyl CoA ligase(s) and thus undergo chiral inversion, but that the CoA thioester of only (+)-(S)-2-phenylpropionic acid is a substrate for the glycine N-acyl transferase. These studies are presently being extended to the structure and species specificity of the reverse inversion and amino acid conjugation of profen NSAIDs. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530040603
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elastomers based on polycyclic bisphenol polycarbonatesPresented in part at the Polycarbonate Symposium, Southeastern Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, October 15-17, 1964, Charleston, West Virginia. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3451-3463 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polycarbonate elastomers were prepared by the addition of phosgene to a pyridine solution of poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol and bisphenols containing norbornanetype groups. These elastomers do not contain the classical “tie-down” points - crosslinks, hydrogen bonding, or crystallinity - which, heretofore, have been considered necessary for good elastomer properties. This work introduces a new concept in elastomer chemistry: bulky, three-dimensional groups are effective tie-down points. Most of the elastomers were prepared with 4,4'-(2-norbornylidene)bis(2,6-dichlorophenol). For comparison, several elastomers with bisphenol-A were also prepared. A statistically designed experiment was carried out to determine the effect of composition variables on the properties of these elastomers. The properties were determined on films cast from methylene chloride and, in many cases, on wet-spun fibers. These elastomers have elongations of 400-600% and instantaneous elastic recoveries up to 100%.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091022
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyester hot-melt adhesives. I. Factors affecting adhesion to epoxy resin coatingsPresented at the 158th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, N. Y., September 1969. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 14 (1970), S. 685-698 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The peel strength and tensile shear strength of polyester hot-melt adhesives on metals coated with epoxy resins are affected by four characteristics of the polyester: (1) inherent viscosity, (2) glass transition temperature (Tg), (3) degree of crystallinity, and (4) melting point. The inherent viscosity affects the strength, toughness, and crystallinity of the adhesive. The Tg and degree of crystallinity affect the low-temperature adhesive properties; the peel strength is relatively low when the Tg is appreciably above the use temperature. The Tg, degree of crystallinity, and melting point affect the high-temperature adhesive properties. A hot-melt adhesive with high peel and tensile shear strengths from 0° to 120°C is the polyester of 1,4-butanediol and trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1970.070140313
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antiplasticization. III. Characteristics and properties of antiplasticizable polymersPaper presented at the 152nd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, September 1966.Prod. No. 1451 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 227-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Antiplasticization is applicable to polymers which contain rigid, polar groups and stiff chains, such as many bisphenol polycarbonates and polyesters, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol polycarbonates and polyesters, cellulose triacetate, and a commercial poly(sulfone ether). The stiffness, hardness, and tensile strength of these polymers are increased by antiplasticizers, and the elongation, impact strength, and heat-distortion temperature are decreased. The stiffness of antiplasticized polymers can be further increased by crystallization. A clear, hard, stiff, tough, self-extinguishing molding plastic with good electrical properties and improved resistance to stress cracking is obtained by antiplasticizing bisphenol A polycarbonate with 20% Aroclor 5460.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110206
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chlorination of polyestersPaper presented at the 154th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, September 10-15, 1967. (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1713-1733 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: By photochemical chlorination chlorine was substituted on the gem-dimethyl groups of the polyterephthalate and polycarbonate of 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol, the polyterephthalate of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, and the polycarbonate of 4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol (bisphenol A). The factors affecting polyester degradation, the efficiency of chlorination, and the degree of chlorination were investigated, and the effects of chlorine content on the solubility, flammability, density, hydrolytic stability, thermal stability, tensile properties, electrical properties, and heat-distortion temperatures of cast films were determined. The chlorinated polyesters of particular interest, because of their properties, are the polycarbonates of 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol and bisphenol A.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120719
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of polyformals of alicyclic diolsPresented at the 142nd Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 9-14, 1962. (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1975-1981 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The properties of the polyformals of several alicyclic diols were determined. Particularly unusual were the properties of the polyformal of 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol. The polymer of the 1 : 1 cis/trans diol mixture had a reversible transition in crystalline phase at about 177°C. and a crystalline melting point of 262°C. The polymer was soluble in chloroform and in hot toluene. It was resistant to hydrolysis, particularly alkaline hydrolysis. Physical properties were determined on molded specimens obtained by injection-molding, on films obtained by casting and pressing, and on fibers obtained by melt-spinning.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070602
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antiplasticization. II. Characteristics of antiplasticizersPaper presented at the 152nd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, September 1966.Prod. No. 1450 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 211-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: By the incorporation of certain types of additives in bisphenol A polycarbonate, the modulus and tensile strength of the films are increased and the elongation is decreased. This effect is called antiplasticization, because the opposite results are obtained on plasticization - decreased modulus and tensile strength and increased elongation. A study of these additives indicated that antiplasticizers are compounds which are comptiable with the polymer and which (1) contain polar atoms such as halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, (2) contain at least two nonbridged rings, (3) have a glass transition temperature greater than -50°C., and (4) have one dimension less than about 5.5 A. in at least 65% of the length of the molecules.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110205
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An automated design scheme: Weight minimization of a single hulled ship compartment (1984)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1763-1790 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the stages of development of an optimum structural design scheme. Any attempt to generate the optimum scantlings of a structure of even moderate complexity usually poses nonlinear programming problems for which there exist no universally accepted solution method. The structure considered here is a complete compartment of a single-hulled ship acted upon by multiple load cases. The elastic responses under four different load types are obtained by a quasi finite element analysis routine developed specifically for this purpose. Sequential linear programming (SLP) with appropriate artifices to achieve rapid convergence has been successfully employed as an optimization routine to minimize the object function, which in this case was the total weight of the major structural members. The test problem has 490 basic degrees-of-freedom, 21 free design variables and more than 100 mixed constraints, the majority of which are nonlinear implicit stress functions. The method is then applied to a number of cases representative of small warship designs. Suggestions for future extensions and general conclusions are included at the end of the paper.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620201002
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interpolymerization of acrylonitrile and vinylidene chloride in tert-butyl alcohol (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 47 (1960), S. 397-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: True interpolymers of acrylonitrile and vinylidene chloride were prepared with the use of tert-butyl alcohol or a mixture of tert-butyl alcohol and water as the polymerization solvent. Analysis of the polymers showed that the ratio of the two monomers in the copolymers was very close to the initial monomer ratio. The polymers were tested for homogeneity by their solubility in acetone or acetonitrile.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1960.1204714935
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  • 10
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    At Clinically Achievable Concentrations Obatoclax (GX15-070) Potentiates The Cytotoxic Effect Of Cytarabine On Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells By Enhancing DNA Damage (2013)
    American Society of Hematology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-15
    Description: AML accounts for one-fourth of acute leukemias in children, but is responsible for more than half of the pediatric acute leukemia deaths. Most adult AML patients treated with chemotherapeutic regimens relapse and die of their disease or associated complications. One major cause of treatment failure in this disease is resistance to anthracycline [e.g. daunorubicin (DNR)] and cytarabine (ara-C)-based chemotherapy. Therefore more effective therapies are urgently needed. One common cancer-causing defect arises from the overexpression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1, which inactivate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in many types of cancer cells. Overexpression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and/or Mcl-1 has been associated with chemoresistance in leukemia cell lines and with a poor clinical outcome in studies of adult patients with leukemia, including AML. Therefore, small molecules that inhibit the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins could be novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of leukemia. In this study, we investigated the effects of clinically achievable doses (175 nM and lower) of obatoclax (a hydrophobic small molecule pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor that binds to the BH3-binding site of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1) on cytarabine sensitivity in AML cell lines (n=5) and diagnostic AML blasts (n=6). The majority of the AML cell lines and diagnostic AML blast samples expressed Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and/or Mcl-1 proteins as determined by Western blots, though the levels were variable and did not correlate with sensitivities to cytarabine or obatoclax. Simultaneous combination of obatoclax and cytarabine resulted in synergistic inhibition of proliferation of 4 AML cell lines and 4 diagnostic AML blast samples. Cytarabine IC50s were reduced by 3.4-26.6 fold in the presence of 175 nM obatoclax. The two drugs also synergistically induced apoptosis in THP-1 and OCI-AML3 cells (combination index values ranged from 0.23 to 0.55). Bax activation was detected in the combined drug treatments but not in the individual drug treatments. This was accompanied by significantly increased loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Interestingly, co-treatment of THP-1 and OCI-AML3 cells with cytarabine and obatoclax resulted in decreased levels of Mcl-1 and increased nuclear accumulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL that can occur as early as 24h after combined treatment with cytarabine and obatoclax. Apoptosis and MMP loss induced by the combination of cytarabine and obatoclax could be completely attenuated by ectopic overexpression of Bcl-xL. Emerging evidence suggests that Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1 also possess nuclear functions and can influence the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and/or the regulation of cell cycle checkpoints. It is conceivable that obatoclax may target the nuclear functions of these anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins to enhance ara-C-induced apoptosis in AML cells. Interestingly, combined drug treatment showed an increase in DNA DSBs, as indicated by increased levels of phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) and comet assay, in both THP-1 and OCI-AML3 cells. Further, γH2AX foci coincided with increased nuclear localization of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Furthermore, a time course experiment revealed that γH2AX levels in AML cells treated with combined cytarabine and obatoclax positively correlated with cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP and inversely correlated with Mcl-1 levels. Additional experiments suggest that induction of a decrease of Mcl-1 and nuclear accumulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL may represent a common mechanism underlying apoptosis induced by DNA DSBs. Our study provides convincing evidence that obatoclax enhances cytarabine-induced DNA DSBs which may trigger a decrease of Mcl-1 and nuclear accumulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, tipping the balance toward apoptosis. Our new findings strongly support the clinical use of obatoclax in combination with DNA damaging agents for treating AML and possibly a broader range of malignancies. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by American Society of Hematology
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