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  • 1
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    Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-09
    Description: Light synchronizes mammalian circadian rhythms with environmental time by modulating retinal input to the circadian pacemaker-the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Such photic entrainment requires neither rods nor cones, the only known retinal photoreceptors. Here, we show that retinal ganglion cells innervating the SCN are intrinsically photosensitive. Unlike other ganglion cells, they depolarized in response to light even when all synaptic input from rods and cones was blocked. The sensitivity, spectral tuning, and slow kinetics of this light response matched those of the photic entrainment mechanism, suggesting that these ganglion cells may be the primary photoreceptors for this system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berson, David M -- Dunn, Felice A -- Takao, Motoharu -- EY12793/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 8;295(5557):1070-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 USA. David_Berson@brown.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11834835" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/ultrastructure ; *Biological Clocks ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Dendrites/ultrastructure ; Isoquinolines ; Kinetics ; Light ; *Light Signal Transduction ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/chemistry/cytology/*physiology ; Rod Opsins/analysis/physiology ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/cytology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-09
    Description: The primary circadian pacemaker, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the mammalian brain, is photoentrained by light signals from the eyes through the retinohypothalamic tract. Retinal rod and cone cells are not required for photoentrainment. Recent evidence suggests that the entraining photoreceptors are retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that project to the SCN. The visual pigment for this photoreceptor may be melanopsin, an opsin-like protein whose coding messenger RNA is found in a subset of mammalian RGCs. By cloning rat melanopsin and generating specific antibodies, we show that melanopsin is present in cell bodies, dendrites, and proximal axonal segments of a subset of rat RGCs. In mice heterozygous for tau-lacZ targeted to the melanopsin gene locus, beta-galactosidase-positive RGC axons projected to the SCN and other brain nuclei involved in circadian photoentrainment or the pupillary light reflex. Rat RGCs that exhibited intrinsic photosensitivity invariably expressed melanopsin. Hence, melanopsin is most likely the visual pigment of phototransducing RGCs that set the circadian clock and initiate other non-image-forming visual functions.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2885915/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2885915/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hattar, S -- Liao, H W -- Takao, M -- Berson, D M -- Yau, K W -- R37 EY006837/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-13/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-14/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-15/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-15S1/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 8;295(5557):1065-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11834834" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Axons/chemistry ; *Biological Clocks ; Brain/*cytology ; Cell Membrane/chemistry ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Cloning, Molecular ; Dendrites/chemistry ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Lac Operon ; *Light ; Mice ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Optic Nerve/cytology ; Rats ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*chemistry/physiology ; Rod Opsins/*analysis/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/cytology ; Visual Pathways/cytology ; beta-Galactosidase/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Transition to addiction is associated with a persistent impairment in synaptic plasticity (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-26
    Description: Chronic exposure to drugs of abuse induces countless modifications in brain physiology. However, the neurobiological adaptations specifically associated with the transition to addiction are unknown. Cocaine self-administration rapidly suppresses long-term depression (LTD), an important form of synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens. Using a rat model of addiction, we found that animals that progressively develop the behavioral hallmarks of addiction have permanently impaired LTD, whereas LTD is progressively recovered in nonaddicted rats maintaining a controlled drug intake. By making drug seeking consistently resistant to modulation by environmental contingencies and consequently more and more inflexible, a persistently impaired LTD could mediate the transition to addiction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kasanetz, Fernando -- Deroche-Gamonet, Veronique -- Berson, Nadege -- Balado, Eric -- Lafourcade, Mathieu -- Manzoni, Olivier -- Piazza, Pier Vincenzo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 25;328(5986):1709-12. doi: 10.1126/science.1187801.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSERM U862, NeuroCentre Magendie, 147 Rue Leo Saignat, 33077, Bordeaux Cedex, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20576893" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Addictive ; Cocaine/administration & dosage ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/*physiopathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; *Long-Term Synaptic Depression ; Nucleus Accumbens/*physiopathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Self Administration ; Synaptic Transmission
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Diminished pupillary light reflex at high irradiances in melanopsin-knockout mice (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-11
    Description: In the mammalian retina, a small subset of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are intrinsically photosensitive, express the opsin-like protein melanopsin, and project to brain nuclei involved in non-image-forming visual functions such as pupillary light reflex and circadian photoentrainment. We report that in mice with the melanopsin gene ablated, RGCs retrograde-labeled from the suprachiasmatic nuclei were no longer intrinsically photosensitive, although their number, morphology, and projections were unchanged. These animals showed a pupillary light reflex indistinguishable from that of the wild type at low irradiances, but at high irradiances the reflex was incomplete, a pattern that suggests that the melanopsin-associated system and the classical rod/cone system are complementary in function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lucas, R J -- Hattar, S -- Takao, M -- Berson, D M -- Foster, R G -- Yau, K-W -- R01 EY006837/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY006837-16A1/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY014596/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY014596-01/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-13/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-14/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-15/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-15S1/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 10;299(5604):245-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative and Molecular Neuroscience, Division of Neuroscience and Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Campus, St. Dunstans Road, London W6 8RF, UK. r.j.lucas@ic.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522249" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Ocular ; Animals ; Carbachol/pharmacology ; Circadian Rhythm ; Darkness ; *Light ; Light Signal Transduction ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Olivary Nucleus/cytology/physiology ; Phenotype ; Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate/physiology ; Pupil/drug effects/*physiology ; *Reflex, Pupillary ; Retinal Degeneration/genetics/physiopathology ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*physiology ; Rod Opsins/*genetics/*physiology ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Digenic retinitis pigmentosa due to mutations at the unlinked peripherin/RDS and ROM1 loci (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-06-10
    Description: In spite of recent advances in identifying genes causing monogenic human disease, very little is known about the genes involved in polygenic disease. Three families were identified with mutations in the unlinked photoreceptor-specific genes ROM1 and peripherin/RDS, in which only double heterozygotes develop retinitis pigmentosa (RP). These findings indicate that the allelic and nonallelic heterogeneity known to be a feature of monogenic RP is complicated further by interactions between unlinked mutations causing digenic RP. Recognition of the inheritance pattern exemplified by these three families might facilitate the identification of other examples of digenic inheritance in human disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kajiwara, K -- Berson, E L -- Dryja, T P -- EY00169/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY08683/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jun 10;264(5165):1604-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Berman-Gund Laboratory for the Study of Retinal Degenerations, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston 02114.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8202715" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Electroretinography ; Eye Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; Female ; Genes, Dominant ; Genes, Recessive ; Genetic Linkage ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Intermediate Filament Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; Male ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Pedigree ; Peripherins ; Retinitis Pigmentosa/*genetics ; Rod Cell Outer Segment/chemistry ; Tetraspanins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Diradicals: conceptual, inferential, and direct methods for the study of chemical reactions (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berson, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 25;266(5189):1338-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17772838" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Rod-cone interaction in the distal human retina (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-05-15
    Description: During the rod-isolated phase of dark adaption, b-wave implicit time of the human cone electroretinogram increased exponentially with a time constant corresponding to that for the regeneration of rhodopsin. In the presence of different photopically equated short-wave backgrounds, cone b-wave implicit time varied inversely with the scotopic brightness of the background. Taking into account the origin of the b wave, these measurements support the idea of a rod effect on cone function in the distal human retina.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sandberg, M A -- Berson, E L -- Effron, M -- EY00169/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 May 15;212(4496):829-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7221568" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Electroretinography ; Humans ; Photoreceptor Cells/*physiology ; Retina/*physiology ; *Vision, Ocular
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    GUANAZOLO IN THE THERAPY OF HODGKIN’S DISEASE (1950)
    American Society of Hematology
    Details
    Publication Date: 1950-11-01
    Description: Five patients with active Hodgkin’s disease were treated for a period varying from four to eighteen days with an antiguanine preparation, guanazolo (5-amino-7-hydroxy-1H-v-triazolo[d]pyrimidine) with a total dosage of 400 mg. to 800 mg. intramuscularly. No therapeutic effect was observed. The only toxic manifestations were pain and tenderness at the site of injection in 4 of the 5 cases. The effect of guanazolo on tissue cultures of an involved node was tested. No inhibition of growth was observed, thus paralleling the lack of in vivo effect.
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by American Society of Hematology
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  • 9
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    Utilizing the Predictive Value of the 4T Scoring System to Reduce Unnecessary HIT Panel Costs in the Community Hospital Setting (2018)
    American Society of Hematology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-29
    Description: Abstract Study Objective-Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a life-threatening immunological response to heparin. The objectives for this study were to determine if the 4T scoring system was being utilized as a tool for predicting HIT, and to look at the costs associated with HIT panels. Methods-This was a retrospective chart review of patients greater than 18 years of age who had HIT panels performed between January 2013 and June 2014 in a community hospital. Any duplicate HIT panels sent during the same admission period were excluded. Study investigators were trained in two 30-minute intervals in the area of data collection and retrospective calculation of 4T score. Results- Of the 154 patients studied, 73 (47.4%) were male, and 81 (52.6%)were female. All patients had a 4T score calculated by study investigators during data analysis, and 1.29% (n=2) had a 4T score calculated before a HIT panel was sent by the team taking care of the patient. 62.3% (n=96) of patients had a low 4T score and 37. 7%( n=58) had an intermediate to high 4T score. Hematology was consulted on 57.7% (n=89) and anticoagulant administration was stopped on 74 % (n=114), while in 26 % ( 40/ 154) heparin was continued despite sending HIT. 25.4%(29/114) were started on alternate anti- coagulants after stopping heparin . Throughout the course of the study, 20 patients died, with only 1 of these patients being HIT positive. If 100 unnecessary HIT panels were performed in a year, the hospital would be charged more than $20,000 by the diagnostic lab. Additional costs include the halting of Heparin administration and starting an alternate anticoagulant such as Argatroban. 24 hour administration of Argatroban costed $1,000 for continuous infusion. HIT panels have a turnaround time of 4-5 days, resulting in the additional charge of $5,000 just for Argatroban administration. A lengthened stay in the hospital due to HIT panel turnaround time is also a source of increased costs. Combined, the ordering of a HIT panel, alternate anticoagulant administration, and bed charges could amount to $40,000 over the course of four days. This time and money could be put to better use treating the underlying disease of the patient, instead of focusing on the testing for HIT. Conclusion-Management of HIT in community hospital was sub-optimal. Lack of utilization of the 4T scoring system led to unnecessary ordering of HIT panels. This increased duration of hospital stay, elevated the cost of treatment, and resulted in the holding of prophylactic anticoagulants. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by American Society of Hematology
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  • 10
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    Isolation of small, primitive human hematopoietic stem cells: distribution of cell surface cytokine receptors and growth in SCID-Hu mice (1995)
    American Society of Hematology
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-07-15
    Description: Human CD34+ cells were subfractionated into three size classes using counterflow centrifugal elutriation followed by immunoadsorption to polystyrene cell separation devices. The three CD34+ cell fractions (Fr), Fr 25/29, Fr 33/37, and Fr RO, had mean sizes of 8.5, 9.3 and 13.5 microns, respectively. The majority of cells in the large Fr RO CD34+ cell population expressed the committed stage antigens CD33, CD19, CD38, or HLA-DR and contained the majority of granulocyte- macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM), burst-forming units-erythroid (BFU-E), and CFU-mixed lineage (GEMM). In contrast, the small Fr 25/29 CD34+ cells were devoid of committed cell surface antigens and lacked colony-forming activity. When seeded to allogeneic stroma, Fr RO CD34+ cells produced few CFU-GM at week 5, whereas cells from the Fr 25/29 CD34+ cell population showed a 30- to 55-fold expansion of myeloid progenitors at this same time point. Furthermore, CD34+ cells from each size fraction supported ontogeny of T cells in human thymus/liver grafts in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Upon cell cycle analyses, greater than 97% of the Fr 25/29 CD34+ cells were in G0/G1 phase, whereas greater proportions of the two larger CD34+ cell fractions were in active cell cycle. Binding of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-3, IL-6, stem cell factor (SCF), macrophage inhibitory protein (MIP)-1 alpha, granulocyte colony- stimulating factor (G-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF to these CD34+ cell populations was also analyzed by flow cytometry. As compared with the larger CD34+ cell fractions, cells in the small Fr 25/29 CD34+ cell population possessed the highest numbers of receptors for SCF, MIP1 alpha, and IL-1 alpha. Collectively, these results indicate that the Fr 25/29 CD34+ cell is a very primitive, quiescent progenitor cell population possessing a high number of receptors for SCF and MIP1 alpha and capable of yielding both myeloid and lymphoid lineages when placed in appropriate in vitro or in vivo culture conditions.
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by American Society of Hematology
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