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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Loss characteristics of potassium and silver double-ion-exchanged glass waveguides (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 1529-1533 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Loss characteristics of potassium and silver double-ion-exchanged glass waveguides are studied. Low propagation losses (less than 0.25 dB/cm) at 1.296 μm wavelength are measured, although aluminum as a mask and inexpensive multipurpose glass as a substrate are used in the fabrication process. The losses are compared to the losses of waveguides made by one-step aluminum masked silver ion exchange and by silver ion exchange with ionic masking (dielectric mask). The reasons for the loss reduction in double-ion-exchanged waveguides compared to one-step silver ion-exchanged waveguides are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354852
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A general model for fabrication processes of channel waveguides by ion exchange (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 2746-2752 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A general theoretical approach to the modeling of several different process steps in fabrication of ion-exchanged channel waveguides is presented. All of the commonly used fabrication processes are included, and the nature of the ion source and the effect of external electric voltage are taken into account. The model uses a numerical finite-difference calculation of diffusion in the glass with boundary conditions and electrical current distribution chosen according to the process being modeled. A single computer program includes the model, and can be used for simulating a fabrication process with different successive process steps. Several calculated examples are given, all with experimentally obtained parameters for Ag+ -Na+ exchange in Corning 0211 glass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.345440
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acousto-optic control and modulation of optical coherence by electronically synthesized holographic gratings (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 49-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We introduce a new technique to modify the coherence properties and the far-field intensity distributions of optical fields. Use is made of a combination of Bragg diffraction and Raman–Nath diffraction in an acousto-optic deflector. The high-frequency Bragg grating in the deflector is phase modulated by a synthetic low-frequency Raman–Nath regime grating that has a structure of an optimized phase-only computer-generated hologram. We demonstrate, e.g., electronic control of the state of spatial coherence of light, Gaussian to flat-top conversion, and the generation of arrays of equally intense but mutually incoherent light spots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.345232
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of ion-exchanged waveguide profiles with Ag thin-film sources (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 62 (1987), S. 759-763 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fabrication of optical ion-exchanged glass waveguides by using thin-film silver ion sources is studied with reference to the use of salt-melt sources. Since the amount of silver in a thin-film source is limited, the process is source controlled, and it is shown that temperature and time as controlling parameters in the process can be replaced by source dimensions. Channel waveguide depth profiles are calculated. When contact film over patterned silver-film-stripe sources is used, silver can be used totally, which results in good uniformity in waveguide depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.339729
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental analysis of Ag+-Na+ exchange in glass with Ag film ion sources for planar optical waveguide fabrication (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 634-639 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A detailed experimental analysis of Ag+-Na+ ion exchange in glass using Ag films as ion sources for the fabrication of planar optical waveguides has been performed. The refractive index profiles of the waveguides have been measured and compared to the theoretical Ag+ concentration profiles. The theoretically predicted special characteristics of the process are verified and the material parameters of the used substrate glass (Corning 0211) are evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.340103
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion exchange process for fabrication of waveguide couplers for fiber optic sensor applications (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 61 (1987), S. 52-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Coupling elements for fiber optic vibration/displacement, backscattering, and backreflecting sensors have been fabricated by placing two separate waveguides on top of each other. The waveguides are fabricated by the Ag+-Na+ ion exchange using Ag films as ion sources. The ion exchange process is analyzed accurately in one dimension and approximately in two dimensions. The design considerations of the couplers and the properties of the fabricated waveguides are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.338974
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fabrication of ion-exchanged channel waveguides directly into integrated circuit mask plates (1987)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 51 (1987), S. 296-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Optical channel waveguides have been fabricated into integrated circuit lithography mask plates by silver-sodium ion exchange. The process combines the advantages of Ag thin-film ion sources and the accurate and reliable patterning of chromium films on mask plates. The process is potentially suitable for cheap mass production, since no lithography is needed during the actual waveguide fabrication. The tailoring of waveguide cross sections by modifying the electric field distribution inside the glass is also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.98448
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Graded-index diffractive elements by thermal ion exchange in glass (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 66 (1995), S. 917-919 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: High-efficiency diffractive elements with a graded volume distribution of refractive index are proposed, designed, and fabricated using thermal ion exchange in glass. A deliberate use of isotropic diffusion of ions enables us to generate, even with a single binary mask, a structure that acts like a continuous surface-relief profile. The advantages of the proposed method include the ease of cleaning and antireflection coating the flat surface, the absence of alignment problems in the fabrication process, and compatibility with stacked planar optics. A grating beam splitter with three equal-efficiency central orders and 89.7% diffraction efficiency is demonstrated. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.113596
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Four-port guided-wave nonsymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometer (1992)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 61 (1992), S. 150-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A four-port guided-wave nonsymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometer based on two hybrid optical couplers is proposed. A potential application of the device is a 0.98 μm/1.55 μm wavelength multiplexer in connection with an optical ring resonator. The proposed device is designed by using the effective indices of the guided modes in a silver ion-exchanged waveguide. The device is fabricated in glass substrate by a two-step ion-exchange process, and it is characterized using a continuous source as well as lasers at λ=1.06, 1.3, and 1.523 μm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.108201
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evanescent-field amplification in Nd3+-doped fluoride planar waveguide (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 2012-2014 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Planar channel waveguides of rare-earth doped fluoride glass are demonstrated with single mode excitation and propagation losses below 3 dB/cm. The waveguide core was fabricated by Ag+–Na+ molten salt ion exchange process in a borosilicate glass (BGG31), and a Nd3+-doped ZBLAN glass was used as a cladding. A 0.45 dB signal amplification at 1.064 μm was observed in the fabricated 1 cm long waveguide, and a 0.9 dB amplification is expected at the emission peak (1.049 μm). Modeling results show 2.5 dB/cm potential gain with the improvement in surface flatness of ZBLAN glass. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116863
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