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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polarization profiles of polyvinylidene fluoride films polarized by a focused electron beam (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 65 (1989), S. 269-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The depth profiles of the polarization in films of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as well as in vinylidene-fluoride–trifluoroethylene (VDF-TrFE) copolymer films polarized by a focused electron beam were investigated using the piezoelectrically generated pressure step method. The dominant polarization exhibits a broad maximum inside the film. The position of this maximum depends not only on the energy of the incident electrons but also on the material parameters of the sample. Close to the surface exposed to the electron beam we have in addition observed a small secondary maximum of opposite polarization (amounting to about 1 mC/m2). A qualitative model is presented for the poling of films of PVDF and its copolymers with TrFE by focused electron beam accounting for most of the observed features. The application of electron beams for the poling of ferroelectric films allows the production of piezoelectric bimorphs. By using a well-focused electron beam also ferroelectric domains of very small lateral dimensions can be created which could become important for ferroelectric data storage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.342536
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat transfer between two metallic surfaces at small distances (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 7209-7216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In scanning thermal microscopy, but also in scanning tunneling microscopy, the thermal contact between tip and sample plays an important role. The heat transfer across the vacuum gap between two parallel metallic surfaces, if the gap width is decreased below several microns, has been investigated. At these distances propagating electromagnetic modes die out but simultaneously a transfer of nonpropagating surface modes across the gap becomes more probable. The heat conductance of the vacuum gap should become distance dependent and larger than that given by the Stefan–Boltzmann law; however, the experimental results and theoretical considerations indicate that the heat transfer, based on the discussed proximity mechanism, is very small, smaller than predicted by the theory of Polder and Van Hove [Phys. Rev. B 4, 3303 (1971)]. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358001
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of local piezoelectric properties of thin copolymer films (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 7895-7897 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We used the scanning nearfield acoustic microscope−a nontouching profilometer−to investigate the local piezoelectric activity of thin vinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene copolymer films with a lateral resolution of 1 μm. For metallized as well as uncovered polymers we measured the surface topography. By stimulating the previously poled films with an ac electric field, the piezoelectric surface motion could be measured with high local resolution. Additionally we investigated in detail the change of the piezoactivity during the poling process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.347474
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal sensors for investigation of heat transfer in scanning probe microscopy (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2262-2266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Planar thermocouples designed for investigation of heat transfer in scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning thermal microscopy are described. The limit of sensitivity to local thermal power can be as small as 10 nW. The devices are based on two different thin films formed as a cross on a thin glass substrate. Heat fluxes in the cross point can be detected by measuring the thermoelectric signal from two ends of the cross. As described elsewhere planar thermocouples of this type have been successfully used to detect the energy which is deposited by tunneling electrons and to measure the heat which is coupled across a submicron vacuum gap between two metals by the fluctuating fields of electromagnetic surface modes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145225
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local poling of ferroelectric polymers by scanning force microscopy (1992)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 61 (1992), S. 1137-1139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have demonstrated a new technique to polarize locally micron-sized areas of a ferroelectric vinylidene-fluoride trifluoroethylene (VDF-TrFE) copolymer film by locally applying a dc voltage between the tip of a scanning force microscope and the bottom electrode underneath the polymer film. To detect these polarized regions we have stimulated the film piezoelectrically by applying an ac electric field between tip and bottom electrode, and measuring locally amplitude and phase of the surface vibration. The size of the smallest region we could polarize so far was about 1 μm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.107693
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nanometer-size surface modifications with preserved atomic order generated by voltage pulsing (1991)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 58 (1991), S. 1039-1041 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on the generation of atomically resolved nanometer-size surface modifications by applying voltage pulses at predefined locations on the surface of the layered semiconductor tungsten diselenide (WSe2). Time-stable structures with diameters between 8 nm and less than 1 nm have been reproducibly written both in air and under vacuum. For small diameters, the resulting structures have the shape of mounds, whereas for diameters in excess of about 4 nm, a ring-like appearance is observed. In both cases, the atomic order of the formerly undisturbed surface is preserved and no defects in the lateral atomic order of the surface layer are found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.104416
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Triangular structures on tungsten diselenide induced and observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (1991)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 59 (1991), S. 243-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: By applying voltage pulses of about −5 V at the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope triangular structures have been created on the atomically flat WSe2 surface. The evolution from a cluster-like structure directly after the pulse to an equilateral triangle occurs within minutes. The growth of the triangles has been investigated for times up to 1 h. For a given orientation of the substrate all the triangles have the same orientation thereby reducing the sixfold symmetry at the atomic Se surface to the threefold symmetry of a full molecular WSe2 layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.105979
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