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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of phase transition pressures of ZnTe under quasihydrostatic conditions (1993)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 141 (1993), S. 643-652 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: High pressure ; pressure calibration ; ZnTe ; synchrotron X-ray source ; DIA type cubic anvil apparatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Pressure behavior of ZnTe at room temperature was studied using an X-ray energy dispersive method on a DIA type cubic anvil apparatus (SAM-85) at NSLS-X17B1. By using powdered polyethylene, the sample and NaCl for a pressure scale were held under quasihydrostatic conditions, which were confirmed by X-ray diffraction method. Two high-pressure phase transitions were confirmed using X-ray powder diffraction simultaneously with electrical resistance measurements. The phase transition pressures under quasihydrostatic conditions were determined to be 9.6 GPa, at which the resistance increased, and 12.0 GPa, which was the midpoint of a large resistance decrease. Errors in the pressure determinations were estimated to be less than 0.2 GPa. These pressure values may depend on grain size and anisotropic stress effects on the calibrant. From X-ray observation of ZnTe, the bulk modulus of the zinc blende structure was calculated to beK 0=51(3) GPa andK 0 ′ =3.6(0.8), and the first transition at 9.6 GPa was found to have about 9% volume change. It was consistent with an anomaly in the pressure generating curves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00998350
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    (ϖμ/ϖT) P of the lower mantle (1996)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 146 (1996), S. 533-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Lower mantle ; seismic tomography ; thermoelasticiti ; composition models ; geodynamics ; shear modulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We estimate (ϖμ/ϖT) P of the lower mantle at seismic frequencies using two distinct approaches by combining ambient laboratory measurements on lower mantle minerals with seismic data. In the first approach, an upper bound is estimated for |(ϖμ/ϖT) P | by comparing the shear modulus (μ) profile of PREM with laboratory room-temperature data of μ extrapolated to high pressures. The second approach employs a seismic tomography constraint (ϖ lnV S /ϖ lnV P ) P =1.8–2, which directly relates (ϖμ/ϖT) P with (ϖK S /ϖT) P . An average (ϖK S /ϖT) P can be obtained by comparing the well-established room-temperature compression data for lower mantle minerals with theK S profile of PREM along several possible adiabats. Both (ϖK S /ϖT) and (ϖμ/ϖT) depend on silicon content [or (Mg+Fe)/Sil of the model. For various compositions, the two approaches predict rather distinct (ϖμ/ϖT) P vs. (ϖK S /ϖT) P curves, which intersect at a composition similar to pyrolite with (ϖμ/ϖT) P =−0.02 to −0.035 and (ϖK S /ϖT) P =−0.015 to −0.020 GPa/K. The pure perovskite model, on the other hand, yields grossly inconsistent results using the two approaches. We conclude that both vertical and lateral variations in seismic velocities are consistent with variation due to pressure, temperature, and phase transformations of a uniform composition. Additional physical properties of a pyrolite lower mantle are further predicted. Lateral temperature variations are predicted to be about 100–250 K, and the ratio of (ϖ lnp/ϖ lnV S ) P around 0.13 and 0.26. All of these parameters increase slightly with depth if the ratio of (ϖ lnV S /ϖ lnV P ) P remains constant throughout the lower mantle. These predicted values are in excellent agreement with geodynamic analyses, in which the ratios (ϖ ln ϱ/ϖ lnV S ) P and (ϖ ϱ/ϖ lnV S ) P are free parameters arbitrarily adjusted to fit the tomography and geoid data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874732
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gel–gel adhesion by tethered polymers (2001)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 114 (2001), S. 3809-3816 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The behavior of tethered polymers on gel/gel adhesion is studied with the single-chain mean-field (SCMF) theory. It is shown that the gel surface structure, the gel/gel adhesion strength, the equilibrium gel/gel distance, and the detailed interface structures can be tailored by specifically designed tethered layers on gel surfaces. The SCMF theory allows to study the effect of various variables of tethered layers, such as the surface coverage, the attraction between polymers and gels, and the composition of block copolymers. These theoretical results provide guidelines for experimental designs of novel gel materials with tethered layers. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1345723
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser heated diamond cell system at the Advanced Photon Source for in situ x-ray measurements at high pressure and temperature : Laser heated diamond cell techniques workshop (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 1273-1282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe a laser heated diamond anvil cell system at the GeoSoilEnviroCARS sector at the Advanced Photon Source. The system can be used for in situ x-ray measurements at simultaneously ultrahigh pressures (to 〉150 GPa) and ultrahigh temperatures (to 〉4000 K). Design goals of the laser heating system include generation of a large heating volume compared to the x-ray beam size, minimization of the sample temperature gradients both radially and axially in the diamond anvil cell, and maximization of heating stability. The system is based on double-sided laser heating technique and consists of two Nd:YLF lasers with one operating in TEM00 mode and the other in TEM01* mode, optics to heat the sample from both sides, and two spectroradiometric systems for temperature measurements on both sides. When combined with an x-ray microbeam (3–10 μm) technique, a temperature variation of less than 50 K can be achieved within an x-ray sampled region for longer than 10 min. The system has been used to obtain in situ structural data and high temperature equations of state on metals, oxides, and silicates to 3500 K and 160 GPa. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1343867
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dislocation dissociation in CaGeO3 perovskite (1989)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 16 (1989), S. 630-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Dissociated dislocations have been observed for the first time by transmission electron microscopy in the perovskite-structure compound CaGeO3. Dislocations with Burgers vectors $$\left[ {1\bar 10} \right]$$ and [001] (in pseudo-cubic index) are dissociated into collinear partials on the (110) plane: $$\left[ {1\bar 10} \right] = {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}\left[ {1\bar 10} \right] + {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}\left[ {1\bar 10} \right]$$ and [001] = 1/2[001] + 1/2[001]. The partials react to form octagonal extended nodes. The stacking fault ribbons with displacement vector $$\left[ {1\bar 10} \right]$$ have a width of 350 A, which corresponds to a stacking fault energy of 35 erg/cm2 (or mJ/m2).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223310
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Olivine as an in situ piezometer in high pressure apparatus (1988)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 15 (1988), S. 493-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The deviatoric stress produced in a large-volume, high-pressure apparatus of the girdle-anvil type has been estimated from the density of free dislocations induced in natural olivine single crystals (initial density of 2×106 cm−2). Experiments at maximum pressure P=40 kbar and temperature T=1050°C for t=1 h in NaCl cell assemblies and various P-T paths yield specimens whose dislocation densities are unchanged from this initial value, implying that the deviatoric stress was less than 140 bar. In BN cell assemblies, the recovered specimen from high P-T experiments exhibit much higher densities of dislocations (∼109 cm−2) which have been produced by steady-state plastic deformation of the olivine crystals under a deviatoric stress of ∼3 kbar. This value of deviatoric stress in BN has been corroborated by observations of the subgrain size and recrystallized grain size in specimens of longer run duration (3 h).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00311130
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical Absorption Spectra of (Mg, Fe)SiO3 Silicate Perovskites (1994)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 20 (1994), S. 478-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Electronic absorption spectra have been measured at room temperature and pressure for polycrystalline samples of (Mg, Fe)SiO3 silicate perovskites synthesized by multi-anvil device. One strong near-infrared band at about 7000 cm-1 and several weak bands in the visible region were found. The near-infrared band at 7000 cm-1 is assigned to a spin-allowed transition of Fe2+ at the 8–12 coordinated site in perovskite. However, definite assignments of the weak bands in the visible region are difficult because of their low intensities and the scattering effect at the gain boundaries. Crystal field calculations for Fe2+ at different sites in perovskite have been carried out based on the crystal structure data. The results agree with the assignment of Fe2+ to the 8–12 coordinated site in perovskite. Crystal field stabilization energy of Fe2+ with coordination number of 8 in perovskite is 3332 cm-1 which is small compared to the octahedral site of magnesiowüstite (4320 cm-1), another important lower-mantle mineral.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203217
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopy study of domain structure due to phase transitions in natural perovskite (1993)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 20 (1993), S. 147-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Transmission electron microscopy on natural calcium metatitanate perovskite (dysanalyte) reveals the following twin laws in the orthorhombic (space group Pbnm) phase: reflection twins on the {110} and {112} planes, and 90° rotation twins about the [001] axis (referred to as [001]90° twin). Single crystals that were heattreated and quenched from above 1585 K exhibit a dramatic change in domain structure compared with the starting material and specimens quenched from T 〈 1470 K. Mutually perpendicular {110} and [001]90° twins are observed throughout the crystal, forming a cross-hatched domain texture. 1/2[001] antiphase domains, which are very rarely observed in the starting material, also become dominant in the crystal. This change in domain structure is interpreted as due to a structural phase transition in perovskite at a temperature below 1585 K. From the point symmetry elements that describe the twin laws and the translational elements that relate the antiphase domains, the most likely phase near 1585 K is tetragonal with space group P4/mbm. These results are consistent with high-temperature powder X-ray diffraction study. On the other hand, density of the {112} twins is increased significantly in the crystal quenched from 1673 K. Twin domains are either bound by mutually perpendicular {110} and (001) walls, or by {112} walls with {110} twin domains within the polygonal {112} domains. Both twin density variation and domain morphology suggest that the crystal may be cubic at this temperature. Microstructure of a single crystal deformed at 1273 K and 3.5 GPa (within the orthorhombic stability field) is morphologically quite distinct from that of the heat-treated specimens. Dislocations dominate the microstructure and often interact with twin domain boundaries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00200117
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  • 9
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    Concentration and distribution of antibiotics in water–sediment system of Bosten Lake, Xinjiang (2014)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-09
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
    Electronic ISSN: 1614-7499
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    The spatial distribution of dissolved and particulate heavy metals and their response to land-based inputs and tides in a semi-enclosed industrial embayment: Jiaozhou Bay, China (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-03
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
    Electronic ISSN: 1614-7499
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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