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  • 1
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A classical molecular dynamics simulation including three-body corrections was compared with combined ab initio quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics molecular dynamics simulations (QM/MM–MD), which were carried out at Hartree–Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) level for Ca2+ in water. In the QM approach the region of primary interest—the first hydration sphere of the calcium ion—was treated by Born–Oppenheimer quantum mechanics, while the rest of the system was described by classical pair potentials. Coordination numbers of 7.1, 7.6, and 8.1 were found in the classical, the HF, and the DFT simulation, respectively, using the same double-ζ basis set in both QM methods. The CPU time for one DFT step was about 50% above the time for a HF step, but due to a smaller number of steps needed for equilibration in the DFT case, there was no significant difference in the overall simulation time. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (2000), S. 4212-4215 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A canonical ensemble Monte Carlo simulation was performed for Cu2+ in 18.57% aqueous ammonia solution at a temperature of 293.16 K, using ab initio pair potentials and three-body potentials for Cu–H2O–H2O, Cu–H2O–NH3 and Cu–NH3–NH3 interactions. The first solvation shell consists of three water and three ammonia molecules, and the second shell of 11.6 water and 10.2 ammonia molecules. The structure of the solvated ion is discussed in terms of radial distribution functions, coordination number, and angular distributions. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 102 (1995), S. 2920-2927 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular dynamics simulation was employed to study solute–solvent dynamics in water–formamide mixtures over the whole concentration range. Autocorrelation functions were used to investigate the translational/reorientational diffusion of molecules and also vibrational/librational molecular motion. The dynamics of the solution molecules is discussed in relation to structural properties of water–formamide mixtures and a self-consistent picture of the intermolecular structure and motion is obtained. In the water–formamide mixtures rotational diffusion and librational motion of solvent molecules are determined first of all by H bonding whereas translational diffusion and vibrational motion depend to a large extent on spatial solvent arrangements.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 102 (1995), S. 7602-7609 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Monte Carlo simulations have been performed for LiCl containing mixtures of water and hydroxylamine. The structure of solvate species formed by the ions depending on the solvent composition has been analyzed through radial distribution functions and coordination number distributions and is discussed in relation to solvation energy contributions. A number of factors, including preferential ligand binding, spatial conditions, and H-bonding possibilities, determine the formation of solvated ion species, whose average composition is, in most cases, arising from a wide variety of coordinations. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 798-803 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The design principles and concepts for the Tevatron cryogenic system have been proven to be a viable way to deal with refrigeration maintenance and repair as well as magnet replacement. The operating experience and techniques are directly applicable for smaller systems (and also for larger ones like the proposed superconducting super collider).
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 64 (1988), S. 6315-6321 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have found that undoped semi-insulating GaAs substrates convert from semi-insulating to strongly conducting p-type behavior following high-temperature annealing (830 and 885 °C) for long periods of time (22–60 h). Remarkably similar results have been obtained for both liquid-encapsulated Czochralski and horizontal Bridgman undoped semi-insulating GaAs synthesized by various manufacturers. Hole concentrations measured at room temperature are about p=9.1×1015 and 3.6×1016 cm−3 after 830 and 885 °C anneals, and p is uniform throughout the 380 to 510 μm substrate thickness for 885 °C anneals. Hall-effect measurements of carrier freeze-out indicate that residual carbon acceptors are the dominant shallow-acceptor species. Conversion to p type appears to arise from out-diffusion of EL2 deep donors and from formation of an additional acceptor-type native defect which also results from arsenic out-diffusion during annealing.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 109 (1998), S. 2672-2679 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We present transfer rates for the concerted hydrogen exchange in cyclic water clusters (H2O)n (n=3,4) based on ab initio hypersurfaces. The studied hydrogen exchange involves bond breaking and forming and is in contrast to flipping motions of "free" hydrogen atoms in a "chemical" reaction. The rates are calculated for gas-phase systems using canonical, variational transition state theory. Multidimensional tunneling corrections are included assuming both a small and a large reaction path curvature. Hybrid density functional theory [B3LYP/6-31+G(d)] was used to evaluate the potential energy hypersurface with interpolated corrections of second order perturbation theory [MP2/6-311++G(3pd,3df)] at the three stationary points for both systems. Large curvature tunneling corrections are included in dual-level direct ab initio dynamics for the cyclic tri- and tetramer of water. The ridge of the reaction swath serves as an estimate for the tunneling probability of various straight-line corner cutting paths. Our results suggest that the investigated species interconvert on a time scale of seconds. The ground-state tunneling splitting is proportional to the square root of the transition probability at the energy of the minima, which is available from the calculation of tunneling corrections. The associated tunneling splittings are estimated to be between 10−4 and 10−5 cm−1, which is close to the experimental resolution limit. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 107 (1997), S. 6908-6916 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular dynamics computer simulations have been performed for Na+-water-formamide mixtures over the whole concentration range of the mixed solvent. It is shown that the Na+ cation is preferentially solvated by formamide even if only small amounts of formamide are present in the mixture. Specific cation solvent shell formation leads to a drastic change of the ion microdynamics in the mixture compared to pure solvents. A possibility of extension of the molecular theory of limiting ionic mobility to mixed solvents was tested and could not be confirmed by the simulation. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 4173-4183 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A physical theory of the bipolar junction transistor which provides closed-form solutions for current/voltage relations for generalized bias conditions is introduced. Included are the new concepts of emitter and collector collection efficiency. Both emitter and collector regions are treated symmetrically to allow for accurate treatment of operation in both the saturation region and the forward-active region, as well as the reverse-active region. There are six components each of emitter and collector current, resulting from inclusion of emitter injection efficiency, surface recombination at the pn junction peripheries, and bulk base recombination as well as finite minority-carrier collection efficiency. Direct comparison between theory and experiment over the entire transistor operating range from deep saturation where IC=0 continuously into the forward-active region where VCE is much greater than the thermal voltage VT shows excellent agreement.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 6871-6871 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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