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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 46 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effects of fly ash at different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30 … 100% vol./vol. in soil) on plant growth and yield were investigated in tomato plants infected or noninfected with root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (2000 juveniles per plant) in clay pots. An increase in fly ash concentration in the soil correspondingly increased the availability of carbonates, bicarbonates, sulphate, chlorides, B, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu and Zn in the soil. The porosity, water-holding capacity, pH, conductivity and cation exchange capacity also increased progressively in the fly ash amended soil. Ash application enhanced plant growth, leaf pigment concentrations, fruit production, weight of fruit/plant and mean fruit weight of both nematode-infected and noninfected tomato plants, being maximum in the soil containing 50 or 60% fly ash. The yield enhancements were 93.6 (infected plants) and 84% (noninfected plants) at 50 and 60% fly ash levels, respectively. Fly ash treatments adversely affected root invasion by juveniles, disease intensity and reproduction of the nematodes. A gradual increase in the ash concentration in soil caused a corresponding decrease in the numbers of invading juveniles, galls and egg masses per root system and eggs/egg mass, being lowest at 100% fly ash i.e. 52, 16, 10 and 81 against 289, 137, 131 and 238 (control), respectively. Linear regression suggested 40% fly ash as the most economic level, enhancing yield of infected plants by 96% and suppressing the nematode disease and reproduction by 63 and 76%, respectively.
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  • 2
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The starvation-stress response (SSR) of Salmonella typhimurium encompasses the physiological changes that occur upon starvation for an essential nutrient, e.g. C-source. A subset of SSR genes, known as core SSR genes, are required for the long-term starvation survival of the bacteria. Four core SSR loci have been identified in S. typhimuriumrpoSstiAstiB, and stiC. Here we report that in S. typhimurium C-starvation induced a greater and more sustainable cross-resistance to oxidative challenge (15 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 40 min) than either N- or P-starvation. Of the four core SSR loci, only rpoS and stiC mutants exhibited a defective C-starvation-inducible cross-resistance to H2O2 challenge. Interestingly, (unadapted) log-phase S. typhimurium rpoS and stiA mutants were very sensitive to oxidative challenge. Based on this, we determined if these core SSR loci were important for H2O2 resistance developed during a 60 min adaptive exposure to 60 μM H2O2 (adapted cells). Both unadapted and adapted rpoS and stiA mutants were hypersensitive to a H2O2 challenge. In addition, a stiB mutant exhibited normal adaptive resistance for the first 20 mins of H2O2 challenge but then rapidly lost viability, declining to a level of about 1.5% of the wild-type strain. The results of these experiments indicate that: (i) the rpoS and stiC loci are essential for the development of C-starvation-inducible cross-resistance to oxidative challenge, and (ii) the rpoSstiA, and, in a delayed effect, stiB loci are needed for H2O2-inducible adaptive resistance to oxidative challenge. Moreover, we found that both stiA and stiB are induced by a 60 μM H2O2 exposure, but only stiA was regulated (repressed) by (reduced form) OxyR.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 31 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Fertility, survival rate and hatching rate of hybrids of local magur Clarias batrachus and African catfish C. gariepinus were compared with the purebred species. Hybridization was conducted by hormone injection of purebreds and F1 hybrids (F1-A), and artificial fertilization. Pure parental crosses as well as possible hybrid combinations were obtained. The fertility of F1 hybrids (F1-A), purebred C. batrachus and C. gariepinus was 71.0%, 46.5% and 84.0% respectively. The fertility of an F2 hybrid was 32.0%. The timing of embryonic developmental stages of F1 hybrids (F1-A) was similar to that of purebred species. The hatching rate and survival rate of F1 hybrids (F1-A) up to first feeding stage were 33.0% and 48.3%, respectively, which were significantly higher (P 〉 0.05) than the purebred C. batrachus. Only three embryos of an F2 hybrid hatched successfully, and only one of these survived. The embryonic development of F1 hybrids (F1-A) and their hatchability and survivability ensured the viable capacity of their progeny for mass culture. Hybrid morphology, both external and internal, was intermediate to that of the parents.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 54 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 54 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth, feed utilization and body composition of fingerling rohu, Labeo rohita (4.5 ± 0.2 cm; 2.58 ± 0.04 g), fed five isonitrogenous (350 g kg−1 crude protein) and isoenergetic (15.7 kJ g−1 metabolizable energy) diets in which the main protein contributors were: diet I, fish meal (FM); diet II, soybean meal (SBM); diet III, groundnut meal (GNM); diet IV, equal amounts of SBM, GNM and canola meal (CM); diet V, equal amounts of FM, SBM, GNM and CM. Fish were stocked in triplicate groups of 25 fish held in 70 L flow-through tanks (water volume 55 L) and fed twice daily (0900 and 1700 hrs) to apparent satiation. Fish fed diet I exhibited the highest (P 〈 0.05) values for live weight gain and specific growth rate (% per day). Feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio were better (P 〈 0.05) in fish-fed diets I and II. Fish-fed diet II exhibited lower (P 〈 0.05) fat and ash contents in carcass. Based on these findings, a 70-day trial (Experiment II) was conducted with six diets fed under the same conditions where FM was incrementally replaced with SBM. Fingerling L. rohita (6.7 ± 0.4 cm; 4.07 ± 0.02 g) were used for the study. Crystalline l-methionine was added to diets containing more than 250 g kg−1 SBM. This second study showed no significant (P 〉 0.05) variation in growth, feed utilization and carcass composition for fish fed the different diets. In conclusion, SBM was more effective than GNM or CM, as FM was replaced in feeds for fingerling L. rohita and could completely replace FM when supplemented with methionine and fortified with minerals under the conditions of this study.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 11 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A 360-day feeding trial was conducted to observe the influence of varying levels of dietary protein on growth, reproductive performance, body and egg composition of rohu, Labeo rohita. Twenty fish (40.4 ± 0.24 cm; 852 ± 4.9 g), stocked in outdoor concrete tanks (200 m2), in duplicate, were fed diets with varying levels (200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 g kg−1) of crude protein exchanged with carbohydrate to apparent satiation, twice daily, at 09:00 and 17:00 h. Higher (P 〈 0.05) weight increment was discernible in fish fed dietary protein ≥300 g kg−1. Gonadosomatic index was comparable (P 〉 0.05) among fish of different dietary groups except those fed 200 g kg−1 protein diet which produced least values. Egg diameter remained unaffected (P 〉 0.05) by variations in levels of dietary protein. Relative fecundity was maximum (P 〈 0.05) in fish fed 250 and 300 g kg−1 protein diets. With the exception of fish fed 200 g kg−1 protein diet, fertilizability (%) remained unaffected (P 〉 0.05) by variations in dietary protein level. Hatchability (%) followed the trend of variations almost similar to that of fertilizability. Proximate composition of muscle and eggs varied significantly (P 〈 0.05) with dietary protein levels. For broodstock L. rohita, a dietary protein level of 250 g kg−1 was found optimum with regard to its reproductive performance, egg quality and composition.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 34 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC %) for protein in catfishes, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) (16–18 cm; 45–50 g), C. gariepinus (Burchell) (21–22 cm; 60–65 g) and Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) (10–12 cm; 10–15 g) was estimated for nine feedstuffs of plant and animal origin. Fat digestibility was tested for C. batrachus and C. gariepinus, wherein the influence of feeding frequency on protein digestibility was also examined. The digestibility trials were conducted with triplicate groups of 25 fish each in 70-L polyvinyl indoor flow-through (1–1.5 L min−1) circular tanks (water volume=55 L). Fish were fed to satiation daily, at 08:00 and 18:00 hours, and faecal matter was collected through slow siphoning. For studying the effect of feeding frequency, fish were fed the experimental diets at 08:00, 11:00, 14:00 and 17:00 hours. The protein digestibility of the feedstuffs varied significantly within each test species. However, the protein digestibility values for most of the ingredients tested were comparable between the three catfish species. The most efficient utilization of protein in these fishes was noted for soybean meal followed by lab-prepared fishmeal. The lowest protein digestibility was recorded for rice bran. Similarly, the utilization of fat from the feedstuffs was also significantly different within each of the two species, C. batrachus and C. gariepinus. Fat digestibility of feed ingredients was similar between the two species. With respect to the fat, soybean meal, lab-prepared fishmeal, full-fat soybean meal and dried fish were more efficiently utilized, while the lowest fat digestibility was obtained for rice bran. A marked decline in protein utilization was observed in the two species where the feeding frequency was increased from two to four times a day.
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