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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 56 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Natural wetlands are a significant source of atmospheric methane, an important greenhouse gas. Compared with numerous papers on measurements of methane emission from natural wetland surfaces, there are few reports on methane configuration and distribution within wetland soil profiles. By using a newly designed gas sampler, we succeeded in collecting free-phase gas from beneath the water table down to 120 cm in a peat. The volumetric percentage of methane in the gas phase increased with depth and was generally more than 50% beneath the zone within which the water table fluctuates. The volume of the gas phase in the peat beneath the water table was estimated to be from 0 to 19% with significant variation with depth, suggesting uneven distribution of gas bubbles. Using the volume ratio of the gas and liquid phases and methane concentration data in the gas phase, as well as assuming that methane was in equilibrium (based on Henry's Law between the two phases), we calculated that ∼60% of the methane accumulates in the form of bubbles. These results suggest the importance of ebullition in methane emission, which might be a major cause for the reportedly large variation of methane emission in both space and time. Most importantly, our results show the need to consider gaseous-phase methane for understanding the production, transport and emission mechanisms of methane in wetlands, which has been overlooked to date.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 27 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Viral nervous necrosis caused by sevenband grouper nervous necrosis virus (SGNNV) has occurred in grow-out stages (0–3 years old) of sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus, since the 1980s. In the present study, based on histopathological features of the central nervous system (CNS) in naturally diseased fish, pernasal infection experiments using grow-out fish were performed and pernasal infection was established as a putative invasion route of SGNNV. The definite SGNNV-targeted cells were determined by histopathological studies including indirect fluorescent antibody test and electron microscopy. Nerve cells in the olfactory lobe were most extensively necrotized with vacuolation followed by infiltration of microglia and macrophages. Purkinje cells and Golgi cells were extensively infected in the cerebellum. Megalocells and small nerve cell nuclei were also infected in the preoptic area, thalamus, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. Only a few small nerve cells were infected in the olfactory bulb and optic tectum. The retina of some diseased fish displayed vacuolated bipolar cells of the inner nuclear layer and in the ganglion cell layer. These SGNNV-infected nerve cells displayed viroplasmic inclusions containing virions, vacuoles and myelin-like structures. Based on observed histopathological changes, the lesion of the CNS was characterized by encephalitis but not encephalopathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 20 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Iridovirus infection causes serious economic damage in marine cultured fish in Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore, and the incidence of this disease has been increasing. Iridovirus of sea bass from offshore Hong Kong was isolated to determine the genetic similarities of the causative agents. The genomic DNA of iridovirus was purified and cloned. Four DNA clones were randomly chosen and sequenced to generate primers for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Corresponding DNA fragments of iridoviruses from sea bass from offshore Hong Kong, red sea bream in Japan and grouper in Thailand were detected. The analogous PCR products from geographically diverse iridoviruses may indicate a widespread distribution of an iridovirus of a single origin.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 26 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Piscine nodaviruses (betanodaviruses) have been tentatively divided into four genotypes (SJNNV, RGNNV, TPNNV and BFNNV) and it is suggested that host specificity is different among these genotypes. In the present study, a betanodavirus [sevenband grouper nervous necrosis virus (SGNNV)] belonging to the redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) genotype, to which most betanodaviruses from warm water fish are identified, was evaluated for its pathogenicity to hatchery-reared juveniles of several marine fish species. When challenged with the virus by a bath method (105.1 TCID50 mL−1), sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus, Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, and tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes, displayed behavioural abnormalities and mortalities with distinct histopathological signs of viral nervous necrosis and heavily immunostained cells were observed in the central nervous tissues and retina. Bath-challenged rock fish, Sebastiscus marmoratus, and a hybrid of sevenband grouper and kelp grouper, E. moara, did not display any behavioural abnormality or mortality during the experimental period, although many fish showed slight signs of viral infection in nerve cells. Kelp grouper and red sea bream, Pagrus major, showed no behavioural abnormality, mortality or immunohistopathological changes after the virus challenge. These results are, in part, consistent with the natural host range of RGNNV, indicating the complexity in the host specificity of betanodaviruses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 22 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A herpesviral gill disease accompanied by mass mortality occurred in Japanese eels, Anguilla japonica (Temminck & Schlegel), reared in warm water ponds from 1993 to 1995. Diseased fish displayed marked haemorrhage and congestion within gill filaments and destruction at the tips of affected filaments with necrosis and inflammation in the central connective tissue and the central sinus. Electron microscopy revealed herpesvirus particles in infected fibrocytes within the filamental connective tissue. The isolate was identified as Herpesvirus anguillae by a neutralization test. Infectivity experiments with the isolates revealed that the virus was pathogenic.
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