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  • American Geophysical Union  (44)
  • Elsevier  (15)
  • 2020-2023  (59)
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  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-12-24
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 127(7), (2022): e2021JC018333, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC018333.
    Beschreibung: As part of a project focused on the coastal fisheries of Isla Natividad, an island on the Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico, we conducted a 2-1/2 year study of flows at two sites within the island's kelp forests. At one site (Punta Prieta), currents are tidal, whereas at the other site (Morro Prieto), currents are weaker and may be more strongly influenced by wind forcing. Satellite estimates of the biomass of the giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) for this period varied between 0 (no kelp) and 3 kg/m2 (dense kelp forest), including a period in which kelp entirely was absent as a result of the 2014–2015 “Warm Blob” in the Eastern Pacific. During this natural “deforestation experiment”, alongshore velocities at both sites when kelp was present were substantially weaker than when kelp was absent, with low-frequency alongshore currents attenuated more than higher frequency ones, behavior that was the same at both sites despite differences in forcing. The attenuation of cross-shore flows by kelp was less than alongshore flows; thus, residence times for water inside the kelp forest, which are primarily determined by cross-shore velocities, were only weakly affected by the presence or absence of kelp. The flow changes we observed in response to changes in kelp density are important to the biogeochemical functioning of the kelp forest in that slower flows imply longer residence times, and, are also ecologically relevant in that reduced tidal excursions may lead to more localized recruitment of planktonic larvae.
    Beschreibung: The work we describe here was supported by NSF grants DEB 1212124, OCE 1416934, OCE 1736830, and OCE 2022927, by an equipment grant from the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences, and through grants from the Marisla Foundation, Packard Foundation, and Walton Family Foundation.
    Beschreibung: 2022-12-24
    Schlagwort(e): Kelp ; Tides ; Coastal circulation ; Mixing
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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  • 2
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-19
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology 37(1), (2022): e020PA004137, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA004137.
    Beschreibung: Reconstructions of aeolian dust flux to West African margin sediments can be used to explore changing atmospheric circulation and hydroclimate over North Africa on millennial to orbital timescales. Here, we extend West African margin dust flux records back to 37 ka in a transect of sites from 19° to 27°N, and back to 67 ka at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 658C, in order to explore the interplay of orbital and high-latitude forcings on North African climate and make quantitative estimates of dust flux during the core of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The ODP 658C record shows a Green Sahara interval from 60 to 50 ka during a time of high Northern Hemisphere summer insolation, with dust fluxes similar to levels during the early Holocene African Humid Period, and an abrupt peak in flux during Heinrich event 5a (H5a). Dust fluxes increase from 50 to 35 ka while the high-latitude Northern Hemisphere cools, with peaks in dust flux associated with North Atlantic cool events. From 35 ka through the LGM dust deposition decreases in all cores, and little response is observed to low-latitude insolation changes. Dust fluxes at sites from 21° to 27°N were near late Holocene levels during the LGM time slice, suggesting a more muted LGM response than observed from mid-latitude dust sources. Records along the northwest African margin suggest important differences in wind responses during different stadials, with maximum dust flux anomalies centered south of 20°N during H1 and north of 20°N during the Younger Dryas.
    Beschreibung: This research was supported by NSF #OCE-1103262 to L. Bradtmiller, NSF #OCE-1030784 to D. McGee, P. deMenocal, and G. Winckler, and by internal grants from Macalester College and MIT.
    Beschreibung: 2022-06-07
    Schlagwort(e): North Africa ; Dust flux ; Aeolian dust ; Green Sahara ; Stadials
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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  • 3
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Dragone, N. B., Diaz, M. A., Hogg, I., Lyons, W. B., Jackson, W. A., Wall, D. H., Adams, B. J., & Fierer, N. Exploring the boundaries of microbial habitability in soil. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 126(6), (2021): e2020JG006052, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JG006052.
    Beschreibung: Microbes are widely assumed to be capable of colonizing even the most challenging terrestrial surface environments on Earth given enough time. We would not expect to find surface soils uninhabited by microbes as soils typically harbor diverse microbial communities and viable microbes have been detected in soils exposed to even the most inhospitable conditions. However, if uninhabited soils do exist, we might expect to find them in Antarctica. We analyzed 204 ice-free soils collected from across a remote valley in the Transantarctic Mountains (84–85°S, 174–177°W) and were able to identify a potential limit of microbial habitability. While most of the soils we tested contained diverse microbial communities, with fungi being particularly ubiquitous, microbes could not be detected in many of the driest, higher elevation soils—results that were confirmed using cultivation-dependent, cultivation-independent, and metabolic assays. While we cannot confirm that this subset of soils is completely sterile and devoid of microbial life, our results suggest that microbial life is severely restricted in the coldest, driest, and saltiest Antarctic soils. Constant exposure to these conditions for thousands of years has limited microbial communities so that their presence and activity is below detectable limits using a variety of standard methods. Such soils are unlikely to be unique to the studied region with this work supporting previous hypotheses that microbial habitability is constrained by near-continuous exposure to cold, dry, and salty conditions, establishing the environmental conditions that limit microbial life in terrestrial surface soils.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation (ANT 1341629 to B. J. Adams, N. Fierer, W. Berry Lyons, and D. H. Wall and OPP 1637708 to B. J. Adams) with additional support provided to N. B. Dragone from University Colorado Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.
    Schlagwort(e): Antarctica ; Soils ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Extremophiles ; Astrobiology
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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  • 4
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125(8), (2020): e2020JC016197, doi:10.1029/2020JC016197.
    Beschreibung: Synoptic shipboard measurements, together with historical hydrographic data and satellite data, are used to elucidate the detailed structure of the Atlantic Water (AW) boundary current system in the southern Canada Basin and its connection to the upstream source of AW in the Chukchi Borderland. Nine high‐resolution occupations of a transect extending from the Beaufort shelf to the deep basin near 152°W, taken between 2003 and 2018, reveal that there are two branches of the AW boundary current that flow beneath and counter to the Beaufort Gyre. Each branch corresponds to a warm temperature core and transports comparable amounts of Fram Strait Branch Water between roughly 200–700 m depth, although they are characterized by a different temperature/salinity (T/S) structure. The mean volume flux of the combined branches is 0.87 ± 0.13 Sv. Using the historical hydrographic data, the two branches are tracked upstream by their temperature cores and T/S signatures. This sheds new light on how the AW negotiates the Chukchi Borderland and why two branches emerge from this region. Lastly, the propagation of warm temperature anomalies through the region is quantified and shown to be consistent with the deduced circulation scheme.
    Beschreibung: This work was funded by the following sources: National Science Foundation Grants PLR‐1504333, OPP‐1733564, and OPP‐1504394; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Grant NA14OAR4320158; and National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant NNX10AF42G.
    Beschreibung: 2021-01-27
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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  • 5
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 126(3), (2021): e2020JB021136, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB021136.
    Beschreibung: The Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) provides a basis for the geological timescale, quantifies geomagnetic field behavior, and gives a time framework for geologic studies. We build a revised Middle to Late Jurassic GPTS by using a new multiscale magnetic profile, combining sea surface, midwater, and autonomous underwater vehicle near-bottom magnetic anomaly data from the Hawaiian lineation set in the Pacific Jurassic Quiet Zone (JQZ). We correlate the new profile with a previously published contemporaneous magnetic sequence from the Japanese lineation set. We then establish geomagnetic polarity block models as a basis for our interpretation of the origin and nature of JQZ magnetic anomalies and a GPTS. A significant level of coherency between short-wavelength anomalies for both the Japanese and Hawaiian lineation magnetic anomaly sequences suggests the existence of a regionally coherent field during this period of rapid geomagnetic reversals. Our study implies the rapid onset of the Mesozoic Dipole Low from M42 through M39 and then a subsequent gradual recovery in field strength into the Cenozoic. The new GPTS, together with the Japanese sequence, extends the magnetic reversal history from M29 back in time to M44. We identify a zone of varying, difficult-to-correlate anomalies termed the Hawaiian Disturbed Zone, which is similar to the zone of low amplitude, difficult-to-correlate anomalies in the Japanese sequence termed the Low Amplitude Zone (LAZ). We suggest that the LAZ, bounded by M39–M41 isochrons, may in fact represent the core of what is more commonly known as the JQZ crust.
    Beschreibung: This study is funded by National Science Foundation grants OCE-1029965 (Tominaga, Tivey, and Lizarralde) and OCE-1233000 (Tominaga and Tivey) and OCE-1029573 (Sager).
    Beschreibung: 2021-07-21
    Schlagwort(e): AUV ; Jurassic Quiet Zone ; Marine magnetic anomalies
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 126(10),(2021): e2021JB022228, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JB022228.
    Beschreibung: Seafloor massive sulfide deposits form in remote environments, and the assessment of deposit size and composition through drilling is technically challenging and expensive. To aid the evaluation of the resource potential of seafloor massive sulfide deposits, three-dimensional inverse modeling of geophysical potential field data (magnetic and gravity) collected near the seafloor can be carried out to further enhance geologic models interpolated from sparse drilling. Here, we present inverse modeling results of magnetic and gravity data collected from the active mound at the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse hydrothermal vent field, located at 26°08′N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, using autonomous underwater vehicle and submersible surveying. Both minimum-structure and surface geometry inverse modeling methods were utilized. Through deposit-scale magnetic modeling, the outer extent of a chloritized alteration zone within the basalt host rock below the mound was resolved, providing an indication of the angle of the rising hydrothermal fluid and the depth and volume of seawater/hydrothermal mixing zone. The thickness of the massive sulfide mound was determined by modeling the gravity data, enabling the tonnage of the mound to be estimated at 2.17 ± 0.44 Mt through this geophysics-based, noninvasive approach.
    Beschreibung: The authors would like to thank the captain, crew, and scientific team from the 2016 R/V Meteor M127 and 1994 R/V Yokosuka MODE'94 cruises for all their work collecting the data modeled in this study. C. Galley is funded through an NSERC Discovery Grant and Memorial University's School of Graduate Studies Grant.
    Beschreibung: 2022-03-29
    Schlagwort(e): Seafloor massive sulfide deposit ; Potential field modeling ; Inverse modeling ; Gravity ; Magnetics
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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  • 7
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gu, S., Liu, Z., Oppo, D. W., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Jahn, A., Zhang, J., & Wu, L. Assessing the potential capability of reconstructing glacial Atlantic water masses and AMOC using multiple proxies in CESM. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 541, (2020): 11629, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116294.
    Beschreibung: Reconstructing the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is essential for understanding glacial-interglacial climate change and the carbon cycle. However, despite many previous studies, uncertainties remain regarding the glacial water mass distributions in the Atlantic and the AMOC intensity. Here we use an isotope enabled ocean model with multiple geotracers (δ 13 C,E Νd,231 Pa/ 230Th,δ 18 Ο and Δ 14 C) and idealized water tracers to study the potential constraints on LGM ocean circulation from multiple proxies. Our model suggests that the glacial Atlantic water mass distribution can be accurately constrained by the air-sea gas exchange signature of water masses (δ13 C AS), but E Nd might overestimate the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) percentage in the deep Atlantic probably because of the boundary source of Nd. A sensitivity experiment with an AMOC of similar geometry but much weaker strength suggests that the correct AMOC geometry is more important than the AMOC strength for simulating the observed glacial δ13 C AS and E Nd and distributions. The kinematic tracer 231Pa/230Th is sensitive to AMOC intensity, but the interpretation might be complicated by the AMOC geometry and AABW transport changes during the LGM. δ 18 Ο in the benthic foraminifera (δ 18 Οc) from the Florida Straits provides a consistent measure of the upper ocean boundary current in the model, which potentially provides an unambiguous method to reconstruct glacial AMOC intensity. Finally, we propose that the moderate difference between AMOC intensity at LGM and PD, if any, is caused by the competition of the responses to CO2 forcing and continental ice sheet forcing.
    Beschreibung: We thank two anonymous reviewers for their useful and constructive comments. We also thank Editor Dr Laura F. Robinson for handling the manuscript. This work is supported by National Science Foundation of China No. 41630527, US National Science Foundation (NSF) P2C2 projects (1401778, 1401802, and 1566432). We would like to acknowledge the high-performance computing support from Yellowstone (ark:/85065/d7wd3xhc) and Cheyenne (doi:10.5065/D6RX99HX) provided by NCAR's Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, sponsored by the National Science Foundation and from Center for High Performance Computing and System Simulation, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao). Data used to produce the results in this study can be obtained from HPSS at CISL: /home/sgu28/CTRACE_decadal or by contacting the authors.
    Schlagwort(e): Last Glacial Maximum ; AMOC ; Water mass ; Multi-proxy
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 47(22), (2020): e2020GL088692, doi:10.1029/2020GL088692.
    Beschreibung: Rapid increases in upper 700‐m Indian Ocean heat content (IOHC) since the 2000s have focused attention on its role during the recent global surface warming hiatus. Here, we use ocean model simulations to assess distinct multidecadal IOHC variations since the 1960s and explore the relative contributions from wind stress and buoyancy forcing regionally and with depth. Multidecadal wind forcing counteracted IOHC increases due to buoyancy forcing from the 1960s to the 1990s. Wind and buoyancy forcing contribute positively since the mid‐2000s, accounting for the drastic IOHC change. Distinct timing and structure of upper ocean temperature changes in the eastern and western Indian Ocean are linked to the pathway how multidecadal wind forcing associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation is transmitted and affects IOHC through local and remote winds. Progressive shoaling of the equatorial thermocline—of importance for low‐frequency variations in Indian Ocean Dipole occurrence—appears to be dominated by multidecadal variations in wind forcing.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (CCU and SR), The Investment in Science Fund given primarily by WHOI Trustee and Corporation Members (CCU), James E. and Barbara V. Moltz Fellowship for climate‐related research (CCU), the ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes (CE170100023; CCU and MHE), ARC DP150101331 (CCU and MHE), and PW was supported through grant IndoArchipel from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) as part of the Special Priority Program (SPP)‐1889”Regional Sea Level Change and Society” (SeaLevel).
    Beschreibung: 2021-04-26
    Schlagwort(e): Decadal variability ; Hiatus ; Indian Ocean ; Ocean heat content ; Ocean models ; Pacific Ocean
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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  • 9
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Elling, F. J., Hemingway, J. D., Kharbush, J. J., Becker, K. W., Polik, C. A., & Pearson, A. Linking diatom-diazotroph symbioses to nitrogen cycle perturbations and deep-water anoxia: insights from Mediterranean sapropel events. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 571, (2021): 117110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117110.
    Beschreibung: Elevated organic matter (OM) export flux promotes marine anoxia, thus increasing carbon sequestration efficiency and decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. However, the mechanisms that trigger and sustain anoxic events—particularly those associated with nutrient-poor, oligotrophic surface waters—remain poorly constrained. Mediterranean Sea sapropels are well-preserved sediments deposited during episodic anoxic events throughout the Plio-Pleistocene; as such, they may provide unique insight into the biogeochemical and ecological drivers of—and responses to—marine anoxia. Using biomarker distributions, we demonstrate that anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria and diazotrophic endosymbionts of mat- and/or raft-forming diatoms were both abundant during sapropel events, particularly in the Ionian and Libyan seas. In these sapropels, the carbon isotope compositions of anammox biomarkers directly capture progressive 13C-depletion in deep-water dissolved inorganic carbon, indicating sustained carbon sequestration. To explain these observations, we propose a reinforcing feedback whereby initial nutrient and/or circulation perturbations promote fixed nitrogen loss via intensified anammox and heterotrophic denitrification, which in turn favors proliferation of rapidly sinking diatom-diazotroph symbiotic consortia, increases OM burial flux, and sustains anoxia. This mechanism resolves the long-standing conundrum that small and buoyant diazotrophs are apparently associated with high OM export during periods of marine anoxia and oligotrophy.
    Beschreibung: This work was funded through the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and US National Science Foundation grants 1843285, 1702262 and 1349126 (to A.P.). Additional financial support was provided by the Postdoctoral Program at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and U.S. Geological Survey (K.W.B.).
    Schlagwort(e): Nammox ; Anoxia ; Compound-specific, δ13, C ; Diatom-diazotroph symbioses ; N2-fixation ; Mediterranean sapropels
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Hudak, M. R., Bindeman, I. N., Loewen, M. W., & Giachetti, T. Syn-eruptive hydration of volcanic ash records pyroclast-water interaction in explosive eruptions. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(23), (2021): e2021GL094141, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094141.
    Beschreibung: Magma-water interaction can dramatically influence the explosivity of volcanic eruptions. However, syn- and post-eruptive diffusion of external (non-magmatic) water into volcanic glass remains poorly constrained and may bias interpretation of water in juvenile products. Hydrogen isotopes in ash from the 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska, record syn-eruptive hydration by vaporized glacial meltwater. Both ash aggregation and hydration occurred in the wettest regions of the plume, which resulted in the removal and deposition of the most hydrated ash in proximal areas 〈50 km from the vent. Diffusion models show that the high temperatures of pyroclast-water interactions (〉400°C) are more important than the cooling rate in facilitating hydration. These observations suggest that syn-eruptive glass hydration occurred where meltwater was entrained at high temperature, in the plume margins near the vent. Ash in the drier plume interior remained insulated from entrained meltwater until it cooled sufficiently to avoid significant hydration.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by a Geological Society of America Bruce L. "Biff" Reed Scholarship Award and NSF Grant EAR 1822977.
    Beschreibung: 2022-05-15
    Schlagwort(e): Volcanic plumes ; Volcanic ash ; Glass hydration ; Phreatomagmatic ; Hydrogen isotopes ; H2O diffusion
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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