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  • 1
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    High-speed transport of liquid droplets in magnetic tubular microactuators (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Magnetic field–induced droplet actuation has attracted substantial research interest in recent years. However, current magnetic-controlled liquids depend primarily on magnetic particles added to a droplet, which serves as the actuator on an open surface. These liquids inevitably suffer from droplet splitting with the magnetic particles or disengaging with the magnet, possibly leading to sample contamination, which severely limits their transport speed and practical applications. Here, we report a simple and additive-free method to fabricate magnetic tubular microactuators for manipulating liquid droplets by magnetism-induced asymmetric deformation, which generates an adjustable capillary force to propel liquids. These magnetic tubular microactuators can drive various liquid droplets with controllable velocity and direction. A speed of 10 cm s〈sup〉–1〈/sup〉 can be achieved, representing the highest speed of liquid motion driven by an external stimulus–induced capillary force in a closed tube found so far.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Dislocation behaviors in nanotwinned diamond (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-22
    Description: Experimental results (Huang et al .) indicated that nanotwinned diamond (nt-diamond) has unprecedented hardness, whose physical mechanism has remained elusive. In this report, we categorize interaction modes between dislocations and twin planes in nt-diamond and calculate the associated reaction heat, activation energies, and barrier strength using molecular dynamics. On the basis of the Sachs model, twin thickness dependence of nt-diamond hardness is evaluated, which is in good agreement with the experimental data. We show that two factors contribute to the unusually high hardness of nt-diamond: high lattice frictional stress by the nature of carbon bonding in diamond and high athermal stress due to the Hall-Petch effect. Both factors stem from the low activation volumes and high activation energy for dislocation nucleation and propagation in diamond twin planes. This work provides new insights into hardening mechanisms in nt-diamond and will be helpful for developing new superhard materials in the future.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    A highly conserved G-rich consensus sequence in hepatitis C virus core gene represents a new anti-hepatitis C target (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-03
    Description: G-quadruplex (G4) is one of the most important secondary structures in nucleic acids. Until recently, G4 RNAs have not been reported in any ribovirus, such as the hepatitis C virus. Our bioinformatics analysis reveals highly conserved guanine-rich consensus sequences within the core gene of hepatitis C despite the high genetic variability of this ribovirus; we further show using various methods that such consensus sequences can fold into unimolecular G4 RNA structures, both in vitro and under physiological conditions. Furthermore, we provide direct evidences that small molecules specifically targeting G4 can stabilize this structure to reduce RNA replication and inhibit protein translation of intracellular hepatitis C. Ultimately, the stabilization of G4 RNA in the genome of hepatitis C represents a promising new strategy for anti–hepatitis C drug development.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Phase-change heterostructure enables ultralow noise and drift for memory operation (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Artificial intelligence and other data-intensive applications have escalated the demand for data storage and processing. New computing devices, e.g., phase-change random access memory (PCRAM) based neuro-inspired devices, are promising options for breaking the von Neumann barrier by unifying storage with computing in memory cells. However, current PCRAM devices have considerable noise and drift in electrical resistance that erodes the precision and consistency of these devices. We designed a phase-change heterostructure (PCH) consisting of alternately stacked phase-change and confinement nanolayers to suppress the noise and drift, allowing reliable iterative RESET and cumulative SET operations for high-performance neuro-inspired computing. Our PCH architecture is amenable to industrial production as an intrinsic materials solution, without complex manufacturing procedure nor much increased fabrication cost.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Antisymmetric magnetoresistance in van der Waals Fe3GeTe2/graphite/Fe3GeTe2 trilayer heterostructures (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉With no requirements for lattice matching, van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnetic materials are rapidly establishing themselves as effective building blocks for next-generation spintronic devices. We report a hitherto rarely seen antisymmetric magnetoresistance (MR) effect in vdW heterostructured Fe〈sub〉3〈/sub〉GeTe〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 (FGT)/graphite/FGT devices. Unlike conventional giant MR (GMR), which is characterized by two resistance states, the MR in these vdW heterostructures features distinct high-, intermediate-, and low-resistance states. This unique characteristic is suggestive of underlying physical mechanisms that differ from those observed before. After theoretical calculations, the three-resistance behavior was attributed to a spin momentum locking induced spin-polarized current at the graphite/FGT interface. Our work reveals that ferromagnetic heterostructures assembled from vdW materials can exhibit substantially different properties to those exhibited by similar heterostructures grown in vacuum. Hence, it highlights the potential for new physics and new spintronic applications to be discovered using vdW heterostructures.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Platelet-derived serotonin mediates liver regeneration (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-08
    Description: The liver can regenerate its volume after major tissue loss. In a mouse model of liver regeneration, thrombocytopenia, or impaired platelet activity resulted in the failure to initiate cellular proliferation in the liver. Platelets are major carriers of serotonin in the blood. In thrombocytopenic mice, a serotonin agonist reconstituted liver proliferation. The expression of 5-HT2A and 2B subtype serotonin receptors in the liver increased after hepatectomy. Antagonists of 5-HT2A and 2B receptors inhibited liver regeneration. Liver regeneration was also blunted in mice lacking tryptophan hydroxylase 1, which is the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of peripheral serotonin. This failure of regeneration was rescued by reloading serotonin-free platelets with a serotonin precursor molecule. These results suggest that platelet-derived serotonin is involved in the initiation of liver regeneration.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lesurtel, Mickael -- Graf, Rolf -- Aleil, Boris -- Walther, Diego J -- Tian, Yinghua -- Jochum, Wolfram -- Gachet, Christian -- Bader, Michael -- Clavien, Pierre-Alain -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 7;312(5770):104-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601191" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5-Hydroxytryptophan/pharmacology ; Amphetamines/pharmacology ; Animals ; Blood Platelets/metabolism/*physiology ; Busulfan/pharmacology ; Cell Proliferation ; Hepatectomy ; Hepatocytes/cytology ; Liver/metabolism/*physiology ; *Liver Regeneration ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Platelet Count ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2B/metabolism ; Serotonin/blood/*physiology ; Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists ; Thrombocytopenia ; Ticlopidine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Tryptophan Hydroxylase/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    The growth factor progranulin binds to TNF receptors and is therapeutic against inflammatory arthritis in mice (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-12
    Description: The growth factor progranulin (PGRN) has been implicated in embryonic development, tissue repair, tumorigenesis, and inflammation, but its receptors remain unidentified. We report that PGRN bound directly to tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) and disturbed the TNFalpha-TNFR interaction. PGRN-deficient mice were susceptible to collagen-induced arthritis, and administration of PGRN reversed inflammatory arthritis. Atsttrin, an engineered protein composed of three PGRN fragments, exhibited selective TNFR binding. PGRN and Atsttrin prevented inflammation in multiple arthritis mouse models and inhibited TNFalpha-activated intracellular signaling. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that PGRN is a ligand of TNFR, an antagonist of TNFalpha signaling, and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis in mice. They also suggest new potential therapeutic interventions for various TNFalpha-mediated pathologies and conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3104397/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3104397/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tang, Wei -- Lu, Yi -- Tian, Qing-Yun -- Zhang, Yan -- Guo, Feng-Jin -- Liu, Guang-Yi -- Syed, Nabeel Muzaffar -- Lai, Yongjie -- Lin, Edward Alan -- Kong, Li -- Su, Jeffrey -- Yin, Fangfang -- Ding, Ai-Hao -- Zanin-Zhorov, Alexandra -- Dustin, Michael L -- Tao, Jian -- Craft, Joseph -- Yin, Zhinan -- Feng, Jian Q -- Abramson, Steven B -- Yu, Xiu-Ping -- Liu, Chuan-ju -- AI43542/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AR040072/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR050620/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR053210/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- GM061710/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI030165/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI030165-20/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM061710/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM061710-08/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 22;332(6028):478-84. doi: 10.1126/science.1199214. Epub 2011 Mar 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine and NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21393509" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Arthritis, Experimental/*drug therapy/*immunology/pathology/physiopathology ; Cartilage, Articular/metabolism/pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism/therapeutic use ; Ligands ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Middle Aged ; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology/physiology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*metabolism ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Transitions between blocked and zonal flows in a rotating annulus with topography (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-12-05
    Description: The mid-latitude atmosphere is dominated by westerly, nearly zonal flow. Occasionally, this flow is deflected poleward by blocking anticyclones that persist for 10 days or longer. Experiments in a rotating annulus used radial pumping to generate a zonal jet under the action of the Coriolis force. In the presence of two symmetric ridges at the bottom of the annulus, the resulting flows were nearly zonal at high forcing or blocked at low forcing. Intermittent switching between blocked and zonal patterns occurs because of the jet's interaction with the topography. These results shed further light on previous atmospheric observations and numerical simulations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weeks -- Tian -- Urbach -- Ide -- Swinney -- Ghil -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 28;278(5343):1598-601.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉E. R. Weeks, J. S. Urbach, H. L. Swinney, Center for Nonlinear Dynamics and Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. Y. Tian, K. Ide, M. Ghil, Department of Atmospheric Sciences and Institute of Geophysi.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9374453" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    TAZ, a transcriptional modulator of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-08-16
    Description: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a pluripotent cell type that can differentiate into several distinct lineages. Two key transcription factors, Runx2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), drive MSCs to differentiate into either osteoblasts or adipocytes, respectively. How these two transcription factors are regulated in order to specify these alternate cell fates remains a pivotal question. Here we report that a 14-3-3-binding protein, TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif), coactivates Runx2-dependent gene transcription while repressing PPARgamma-dependent gene transcription. By modulating TAZ expression in model cell lines, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and primary MSCs in culture and in zebrafish in vivo, we observed alterations in osteogenic versus adipogenic potential. These results indicate that TAZ functions as a molecular rheostat that modulates MSC differentiation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hong, Jeong-Ho -- Hwang, Eun Sook -- McManus, Michael T -- Amsterdam, Adam -- Tian, Yu -- Kalmukova, Ralitsa -- Mueller, Elisabetta -- Benjamin, Thomas -- Spiegelman, Bruce M -- Sharp, Phillip A -- Hopkins, Nancy -- Yaffe, Michael B -- CA042063/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM60594/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM68762/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Aug 12;309(5737):1074-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, E18-580, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16099986" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipocytes/*cytology ; Animals ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/pharmacology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells/*cytology/physiology ; Mice ; Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense ; Osteoblasts/*cytology ; Osteocalcin/genetics ; Osteogenesis ; PPAR gamma/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Transcriptional Activation ; Transfection ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology ; Zebrafish ; Zebrafish Proteins/genetics/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    GPR40 modulates epileptic seizure and NMDA receptor function (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Epilepsy is a common neurological disease, and approximately 30% of patients do not respond adequately to antiepileptic drug treatment. Recent studies suggest that G protein–coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) is expressed in the central nervous system and is involved in the regulation of neurological function. However, the impact of GPR40 on epileptic seizures remains unclear. In this study, we first reported that GPR40 expression was increased in epileptic brains. In the kainic acid–induced epilepsy model, GPR40 activation after status epilepticus alleviated epileptic activity, whereas GPR40 inhibition showed the opposite effect. In the pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling model, susceptibility to epilepsy was reduced with GPR40 activation and increased with GPR40 inhibition. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that GPR40 affected 〈i〉N〈/i〉-methyl-〈scp〉d〈/scp〉-aspartate (NMDA) receptor–mediated synaptic transmission. Moreover, GPR40 regulated NR2A and NR2B expression on the surface of neurons. In addition, endocytosis of NMDA receptors and binding of GPR40 with NR2A and NR2B can be regulated by GPR40. Together, our findings indicate that GPR40 modulates epileptic seizures, providing a novel antiepileptic target.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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