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  • 1
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    Air-sea disequilibrium enhances ocean carbon storage during glacial periods (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉The prevailing hypothesis for lower atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) concentrations during glacial periods is an increased efficiency of the ocean’s biological pump. However, tests of this and other hypotheses have been hampered by the difficulty to accurately quantify ocean carbon components. Here, we use an observationally constrained earth system model to precisely quantify these components and the role that different processes play in simulated glacial-interglacial CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 variations. We find that air-sea disequilibrium greatly amplifies the effects of cooler temperatures and iron fertilization on glacial ocean carbon storage even as the efficiency of the soft-tissue biological pump decreases. These two processes, which have previously been regarded as minor, explain most of our simulated glacial CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 drawdown, while ocean circulation and sea ice extent, hitherto considered dominant, emerge as relatively small contributors.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Global warming and marine carbon cycle feedbacks on future atmospheric CO2 (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-04-16
    Description: A low-order physical-biogeochemical climate model was used to project atmospheric carbon dioxide and global warming for scenarios developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The North Atlantic thermohaline circulation weakens in all global warming simulations and collapses at high levels of carbon dioxide. Projected changes in the marine carbon cycle have a modest impact on atmospheric carbon dioxide. Compared with the control, atmospheric carbon dioxide increased by 4 percent at year 2100 and 20 percent at year 2500. The reduction in ocean carbon uptake can be mainly explained by sea surface warming. The projected changes of the marine biological cycle compensate the reduction in downward mixing of anthropogenic carbon, except when the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation collapses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Joos -- Plattner -- Stocker -- Marchal -- Schmittner -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 16;284(5413):464-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10205049" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Instability of glacial climate in a model of the ocean- atmosphere-cryosphere system (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2002-02-02
    Description: In contrast to the relatively stable climate of the past 10,000 years, during glacial times the North Atlantic region experienced large-amplitude transitions between cold (stadial) and warm (interstadial) states. In this modeling study, we demonstrate that hydrological interactions between the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) and adjacent continental ice sheets can trigger abrupt warming events and also limit the lifetime of the interstadial circulation mode. These interactions have the potential to destabilize the THC, which is already more sensitive for glacial conditions than for the present-day climate, thus providing an explanation for the increased variability of glacial climate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schmittner, Andreas -- Yoshimori, Masakazu -- Weaver, Andrew J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 22;295(5559):1489-93. Epub 2002 Jan 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Post Office Box 3055, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada. andreas@ocean.seos.uvic.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11823604" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Climate sensitivity estimated from temperature reconstructions of the Last Glacial Maximum (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
    Description: Assessing the impact of future anthropogenic carbon emissions is currently impeded by uncertainties in our knowledge of equilibrium climate sensitivity to atmospheric carbon dioxide doubling. Previous studies suggest 3 kelvin (K) as the best estimate, 2 to 4.5 K as the 66% probability range, and nonzero probabilities for much higher values, the latter implying a small chance of high-impact climate changes that would be difficult to avoid. Here, combining extensive sea and land surface temperature reconstructions from the Last Glacial Maximum with climate model simulations, we estimate a lower median (2.3 K) and reduced uncertainty (1.7 to 2.6 K as the 66% probability range, which can be widened using alternate assumptions or data subsets). Assuming that paleoclimatic constraints apply to the future, as predicted by our model, these results imply a lower probability of imminent extreme climatic change than previously thought.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schmittner, Andreas -- Urban, Nathan M -- Shakun, Jeremy D -- Mahowald, Natalie M -- Clark, Peter U -- Bartlein, Patrick J -- Mix, Alan C -- Rosell-Mele, Antoni -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 9;334(6061):1385-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1203513. Epub 2011 Nov 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-5503, USA. aschmitt@coas.oregonstate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22116027" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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