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  • 1
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    African pastoralism: genetic imprints of origins and migrations (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: The genetic history of African cattle pastoralism is controversial and poorly understood. We reveal the genetic signatures of its origins, secondary movements, and differentiation through the study of 15 microsatellite loci in 50 indigenous cattle breeds spanning the present cattle distribution in Africa. The earliest cattle originated within the African continent, but Near East and European genetic influences are also identified. The initial expansion of African Bos taurus was likely from a single region of origin. It reached the southern part of the continent by following an eastern route rather than a western one. The B. indicus genetic influence shows a major entry point through the Horn and the East Coast of Africa and two modes of introgression into the continent.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hanotte, Olivier -- Bradley, Daniel G -- Ochieng, Joel W -- Verjee, Yasmin -- Hill, Emmeline W -- Rege, J Edward O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):336-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉International Livestock Research Institute, Post Office Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya. o.hanotte@cgiar.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11951043" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Alleles ; Analysis of Variance ; *Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic/classification/*genetics ; Archaeology ; Cattle/classification/*genetics ; Europe ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Middle East ; Principal Component Analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Spectroscopic Observation of the Formyl Cation in a Condensed Phase (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: The formyl cation, HCO+, has long been believed to be an important intermediate in the chemistry of carbon monoxide (CO) in acidic environments, but its spectroscopic observation in solution has been elusive. This species was generated by the reaction of CO with the liquid superacid hydrofluoric acid-antimony pentafluoride (HF-SbF5) under pressure and was observed by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. Equilibria between CO in the gas phase, CO dissolved in HF-SbF5, the SbF5 adduct of formyl fluoride, and HCO+ associated with several equilibrating anions of the type [SbxF5x+1]- are proposed to describe the system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de Rege PJF -- Gladysz -- Horvath -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):776-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉P. J. F. de Rege and I. T. Horvath, Corporate Research Laboratories, Exxon Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA. J. A. Gladysz, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9115198" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Direct evaluation of electronic coupling mediated by hydrogen bonds: implications for biological electron transfer (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-09-08
    Description: Three supramolecular bischromophoric systems featuring zinc(II) and iron(III) porphyrins have been synthesized to evaluate the relative magnitudes of electronic coupling provided by hydrogen, sigma, and pi bonds. Laser flash excitation generates the highly reducing singlet excited state of the (porphinato)zinc chromophore that can subsequently be electron transfer quenched by the (porphinato)iron(III) chloride moiety. Measurement of the photoinduced electron transfer rate constants enables a direct comparison of how well these three types of chemical interactions facilitate electron tunneling. In contrast to generally accepted theory, electronic coupling modulated by a hydrogen-bond interface is greater than that provided by an analogous interface composed entirely of carbon-carbon sigma bonds. These results bear considerably on the analysis of through-protein electron transfer rate data as well as on the power of theory to predict the path traversed by the tunneling electron in a biological matrix; moreover, they underscore the cardinal role played by hydrogen bonds in biological electron transfer processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de Rege, P J -- Williams, S A -- Therien, M J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Sep 8;269(5229):1409-13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6323, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7660123" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Electron Transport ; Ferric Compounds/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Hydrogen Bonding ; Kinetics ; Metalloporphyrins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Porphyrins/metabolism ; Thermodynamics ; Zinc/chemistry/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Determination of topographical radiation dose profiles using gel nanosensors (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Despite the emergence of sophisticated technologies in treatment planning and administration, routine determination of delivered radiation doses remains a challenge due to limitations associated with conventional dosimeters. Here, we describe a gel-based nanosensor for the colorimetric detection and quantification of topographical radiation dose profiles in radiotherapy. Exposure to ionizing radiation results in the conversion of gold ions in the gel to gold nanoparticles, which render a visual change in color in the gel due to their plasmonic properties. The intensity of color formed in the gel was used as a quantitative reporter of ionizing radiation. The gel nanosensor was used to detect complex topographical dose patterns including those administered to an anthropomorphic phantom and live canine patients undergoing clinical radiotherapy. The ease of fabrication, operation, rapid readout, colorimetric detection, and relatively low cost illustrate the translational potential of this technology for topographical dose mapping in radiotherapy applications in the clinic.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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