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  • 1
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    Seismic evidence for olivine phase changes at the 410- and 660-kilometer discontinuities (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2002-05-23
    Description: The view that the seismic discontinuities bounding the mantle transition zone at 410- and 660-kilometer depths are caused by isochemical phase transformations of the olivine structure is debated. Combining converted-wave measurements in East Asia and Australia with seismic velocities from regional tomography studies, we observe a correlation of the thickness of, and wavespeed variations within, the transition zone that is consistent with olivine structural transformations. Moreover, the seismologically inferred Clapeyron slopes are in agreement with the mineralogical Clapeyron slopes of the (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 spinel and postspinel transformations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lebedev, Sergei -- Chevrot, Sebastien -- van der Hilst, Rob D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 17;296(5571):1300-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Room 54-512, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. sergei@quake.mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016311" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Compositional stratification in the deep mantle (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-03-19
    Description: A boundary between compositionally distinct regions at a depth of about 1600 kilometers may explain the seismological observations pertaining to Earth's lower mantle, produce the isotopic signatures of mid-ocean ridge basalts and oceanic island basalts, and reconcile the discrepancy between the observed heat flux and the heat production of the mid-ocean ridge basalt source region. Numerical models of thermochemical convection imply that a layer of material that is intrinsically about 4 percent more dense than the overlying mantle is dynamically stable. Because the deep layer is hot, its net density is only slightly greater than adiabatic and its surface develops substantial topography.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kellogg -- Hager -- van der Hilst RD -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 19;283(5409):1881-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10082454" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 3
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    Compositional heterogeneity in the bottom 1000 kilometers of Earth's mantle: toward a hybrid convection model (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-03-19
    Description: Tomographic imaging indicates that slabs of subducted lithosphere can sink deep into Earth's lower mantle. The view that convective flow is stratified at 660-kilometer depth and preserves a relatively pristine lower mantle is therefore not tenable. However, a range of geophysical evidence indicates that compositionally distinct, hence convectively isolated, mantle domains may exist in the bottom 1000 kilometers of the mantle. Survival of these domains, which are perhaps related to local iron enrichment and silicate-to-oxide transformations, implies that mantle convection is more complex than envisaged by conventional end-member flow models.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van der Hilst RD -- Karason -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 19;283(5409):1885-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10082455" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 4
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    The geological evolution of the Tibetan Plateau (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-23
    Description: The geological evolution of the Tibetan plateau is best viewed in a context broader than the India-Eurasia collision zone. After collision about 50 million years ago, crust was shortened in western and central Tibet, while large fragments of lithosphere moved from the collision zone toward areas of trench rollback in the western Pacific and Indonesia. Cessation of rapid Pacific trench migration ( approximately 15 to 20 million years ago) coincided with a slowing of fragment extrusion beyond the plateau and probably contributed to the onset of rapid surface uplift and crustal thickening in eastern Tibet. The latter appear to result from rapid eastward flow of the deep crust, probably within crustal channels imaged seismically beneath eastern Tibet. These events mark a transition to the modern structural system that currently accommodates deformation within Tibet.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Royden, Leigh H -- Burchfiel, B Clark -- van der Hilst, Robert D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 22;321(5892):1054-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1155371.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01890, USA. lhroyden@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719275" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 5
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    Seismic imaging of transition zone discontinuities suggests hot mantle west of Hawaii (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-28
    Description: The Hawaiian hotspot is often attributed to hot material rising from depth in the mantle, but efforts to detect a thermal plume seismically have been inconclusive. To investigate pertinent thermal anomalies, we imaged with inverse scattering of SS waves the depths to seismic discontinuities below the Central Pacific, which we explain with olivine and garnet transitions in a pyrolitic mantle. The presence of an 800- to 2000-kilometer-wide thermal anomaly (DeltaT(max) ~300 to 400 kelvin) deep in the transition zone west of Hawaii suggests that hot material does not rise from the lower mantle through a narrow vertical plume but accumulates near the base of the transition zone before being entrained in flow toward Hawaii and, perhaps, other islands. This implies that geochemical trends in Hawaiian lavas cannot constrain lower mantle domains directly.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cao, Q -- van der Hilst, R D -- de Hoop, M V -- Shim, S-H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 27;332(6033):1068-71. doi: 10.1126/science.1202731.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. qinc@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21617072" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Geophysics. Changing views on Earth's deep mantle (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van der Hilst, Robert D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 29;306(5697):817-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. hilst@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15514143" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 7
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    Seismostratigraphy and thermal structure of Earth's core-mantle boundary region (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-03-31
    Description: We used three-dimensional inverse scattering of core-reflected shear waves for large-scale, high-resolution exploration of Earth's deep interior (D'') and detected multiple, piecewise continuous interfaces in the lowermost layer (D'') beneath Central and North America. With thermodynamic properties of phase transitions in mantle silicates, we interpret the images and estimate in situ temperatures. A widespread wave-speed increase at 150 to 300 kilometers above the coremantle boundary is consistent with a transition from perovskite to postperovskite. Internal D'' stratification may be due to multiple phase-boundary crossings, and a deep wave-speed reduction may mark the base of a postperovskite lens about 2300 kilometers wide and 250 kilometers thick. The core-mantle boundary temperature is estimated at 3950 +/- 200 kelvin. Beneath Central America, a site of deep subduction, the D'' is relatively cold (DeltaT = 700 +/- 100 kelvin). Accounting for a factor-of-two uncertainty in thermal conductivity, core heat flux is 80 to 160 milliwatts per square meter (mW m(-2)) into the coldest D'' region and 35 to 70 mW m(-2) away from it. Combined with estimates from the central Pacific, this suggests a global average of 50 to 100 mW m(-2) and a total heat loss of 7.5 to 15 terawatts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van der Hilst, R D -- de Hoop, M V -- Wang, P -- Shim, S-H -- Ma, P -- Tenorio, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 30;315(5820):1813-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, USA. hilst@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17395822" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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