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    Motor skill learning requires active central myelination (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-18
    Description: Myelin-forming oligodendrocytes (OLs) are formed continuously in the healthy adult brain. In this work, we study the function of these late-forming cells and the myelin they produce. Learning a new motor skill (such as juggling) alters the structure of the brain's white matter, which contains many OLs, suggesting that late-born OLs might contribute to motor learning. Consistent with this idea, we show that production of newly formed OLs is briefly accelerated in mice that learn a new skill (running on a "complex wheel" with irregularly spaced rungs). By genetically manipulating the transcription factor myelin regulatory factor in OL precursors, we blocked production of new OLs during adulthood without affecting preexisting OLs or myelin. This prevented the mice from mastering the complex wheel. Thus, generation of new OLs and myelin is important for learning motor skills.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McKenzie, Ian A -- Ohayon, David -- Li, Huiliang -- de Faria, Joana Paes -- Emery, Ben -- Tohyama, Koujiro -- Richardson, William D -- 100269/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0800575/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 17;346(6207):318-22. doi: 10.1126/science.1254960.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. ; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. ; The Center for Electron Microscopy and Bio-Imaging Research, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimuru, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan. ; The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. w.richardson@ucl.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25324381" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/*cytology/metabolism ; *Cell Proliferation ; Gene Deletion ; Humans ; *Learning ; Male ; Mental Recall ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Motor Skills/*physiology ; Myelin Sheath/genetics/*metabolism ; Oligodendroglia/cytology/metabolism/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Direct metabolite detection with an n-type accumulation mode organic electrochemical transistor (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-23
    Description: The inherent specificity and electrochemical reversibility of enzymes poise them as the biorecognition element of choice for a wide range of metabolites. To use enzymes efficiently in biosensors, the redox centers of the protein should have good electrical communication with the transducing electrode, which requires either the use of mediators or tedious biofunctionalization approaches. We report an all-polymer micrometer-scale transistor platform for the detection of lactate, a significant metabolite in cellular metabolic pathways associated with critical health care conditions. The device embodies a new concept in metabolite sensing where we take advantage of the ion-to-electron transducing qualities of an electron-transporting (n-type) organic semiconductor and the inherent amplification properties of an ion-to-electron converting device, the organic electrochemical transistor. The n-type polymer incorporates hydrophilic side chains to enhance ion transport/injection, as well as to facilitate enzyme conjugation. The material is capable of accepting electrons of the enzymatic reaction and acts as a series of redox centers capable of switching between the neutral and reduced state. The result is a fast, selective, and sensitive metabolite sensor. The advantage of this device compared to traditional amperometric sensors is the amplification of the input signal endowed by the electrochemical transistor circuit and the design simplicity obviating the need for a reference electrode. The combination of redox enzymes and electron-transporting polymers will open up an avenue not only for the field of biosensors but also for the development of enzyme-based electrocatalytic energy generation/storage devices.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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