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  • 1
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    Detailed images of asteroid 25143 Itokawa from Hayabusa (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-03
    Description: Rendezvous of the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa with the near-Earth asteroid 25143 Itokawa took place during the interval September through November 2005. The onboard camera imaged the solid surface of this tiny asteroid (535 meters by 294 meters by 209 meters) with a spatial resolution of 70 centimeters per pixel, revealing diverse surface morphologies. Unlike previously explored asteroids, the surface of Itokawa reveals both rough and smooth terrains. Craters generally show unclear morphologies. Numerous boulders on Itokawa's surface suggest a rubble-pile structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saito, J -- Miyamoto, H -- Nakamura, R -- Ishiguro, M -- Michikami, T -- Nakamura, A M -- Demura, H -- Sasaki, S -- Hirata, N -- Honda, C -- Yamamoto, A -- Yokota, Y -- Fuse, T -- Yoshida, F -- Tholen, D J -- Gaskell, R W -- Hashimoto, T -- Kubota, T -- Higuchi, Y -- Nakamura, T -- Smith, P -- Hiraoka, K -- Honda, T -- Kobayashi, S -- Furuya, M -- Matsumoto, N -- Nemoto, E -- Yukishita, A -- Kitazato, K -- Dermawan, B -- Sogame, A -- Terazono, J -- Shinohara, C -- Akiyama, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 2;312(5778):1341-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Hayabusa Project Team, Institute of Space and Astronautical Sciences (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan. saitoj@planeta.sci.isas.jaxa.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16741110" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 2
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    Mineralogy and petrology of comet 81P/Wild 2 nucleus samples (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: The bulk of the comet 81P/Wild 2 (hereafter Wild 2) samples returned to Earth by the Stardust spacecraft appear to be weakly constructed mixtures of nanometer-scale grains, with occasional much larger (over 1 micrometer) ferromagnesian silicates, Fe-Ni sulfides, Fe-Ni metal, and accessory phases. The very wide range of olivine and low-Ca pyroxene compositions in comet Wild 2 requires a wide range of formation conditions, probably reflecting very different formation locations in the protoplanetary disk. The restricted compositional ranges of Fe-Ni sulfides, the wide range for silicates, and the absence of hydrous phases indicate that comet Wild 2 experienced little or no aqueous alteration. Less abundant Wild 2 materials include a refractory particle, whose presence appears to require radial transport in the early protoplanetary disk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zolensky, Michael E -- Zega, Thomas J -- Yano, Hajime -- Wirick, Sue -- Westphal, Andrew J -- Weisberg, Mike K -- Weber, Iris -- Warren, Jack L -- Velbel, Michael A -- Tsuchiyama, Akira -- Tsou, Peter -- Toppani, Alice -- Tomioka, Naotaka -- Tomeoka, Kazushige -- Teslich, Nick -- Taheri, Mitra -- Susini, Jean -- Stroud, Rhonda -- Stephan, Thomas -- Stadermann, Frank J -- Snead, Christopher J -- Simon, Steven B -- Simionovici, Alexandre -- See, Thomas H -- Robert, Francois -- Rietmeijer, Frans J M -- Rao, William -- Perronnet, Murielle C -- Papanastassiou, Dimitri A -- Okudaira, Kyoko -- Ohsumi, Kazumasa -- Ohnishi, Ichiro -- Nakamura-Messenger, Keiko -- Nakamura, Tomoki -- Mostefaoui, Smail -- Mikouchi, Takashi -- Meibom, Anders -- Matrajt, Graciela -- Marcus, Matthew A -- Leroux, Hugues -- Lemelle, Laurence -- Le, Loan -- Lanzirotti, Antonio -- Langenhorst, Falko -- Krot, Alexander N -- Keller, Lindsay P -- Kearsley, Anton T -- Joswiak, David -- Jacob, Damien -- Ishii, Hope -- Harvey, Ralph -- Hagiya, Kenji -- Grossman, Lawrence -- Grossman, Jeffrey N -- Graham, Giles A -- Gounelle, Matthieu -- Gillet, Philippe -- Genge, Matthew J -- Flynn, George -- Ferroir, Tristan -- Fallon, Stewart -- Fakra, Sirine -- Ebel, Denton S -- Dai, Zu Rong -- Cordier, Patrick -- Clark, Benton -- Chi, Miaofang -- Butterworth, Anna L -- Brownlee, Donald E -- Bridges, John C -- Brennan, Sean -- Brearley, Adrian -- Bradley, John P -- Bleuet, Pierre -- Bland, Phil A -- Bastien, Ron -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1735-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA. michael.e.zolensky@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 3
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    Elemental compositions of comet 81P/Wild 2 samples collected by Stardust (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: We measured the elemental compositions of material from 23 particles in aerogel and from residue in seven craters in aluminum foil that was collected during passage of the Stardust spacecraft through the coma of comet 81P/Wild 2. These particles are chemically heterogeneous at the largest size scale analyzed ( approximately 180 ng). The mean elemental composition of this Wild 2 material is consistent with the CI meteorite composition, which is thought to represent the bulk composition of the solar system, for the elements Mg, Si, Mn, Fe, and Ni to 35%, and for Ca and Ti to 60%. The elements Cu, Zn, and Ga appear enriched in this Wild 2 material, which suggests that the CI meteorites may not represent the solar system composition for these moderately volatile minor elements.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Flynn, George J -- Bleuet, Pierre -- Borg, Janet -- Bradley, John P -- Brenker, Frank E -- Brennan, Sean -- Bridges, John -- Brownlee, Don E -- Bullock, Emma S -- Burghammer, Manfred -- Clark, Benton C -- Dai, Zu Rong -- Daghlian, Charles P -- Djouadi, Zahia -- Fakra, Sirine -- Ferroir, Tristan -- Floss, Christine -- Franchi, Ian A -- Gainsforth, Zack -- Gallien, Jean-Paul -- Gillet, Philippe -- Grant, Patrick G -- Graham, Giles A -- Green, Simon F -- Grossemy, Faustine -- Heck, Philipp R -- Herzog, Gregory F -- Hoppe, Peter -- Horz, Friedrich -- Huth, Joachim -- Ignatyev, Konstantin -- Ishii, Hope A -- Janssens, Koen -- Joswiak, David -- Kearsley, Anton T -- Khodja, Hicham -- Lanzirotti, Antonio -- Leitner, Jan -- Lemelle, Laurence -- Leroux, Hugues -- Luening, Katharina -- Macpherson, Glenn J -- Marhas, Kuljeet K -- Marcus, Matthew A -- Matrajt, Graciela -- Nakamura, Tomoki -- Nakamura-Messenger, Keiko -- Nakano, Tsukasa -- Newville, Matthew -- Papanastassiou, Dimitri A -- Pianetta, Piero -- Rao, William -- Riekel, Christian -- Rietmeijer, Frans J M -- Rost, Detlef -- Schwandt, Craig S -- See, Thomas H -- Sheffield-Parker, Julie -- Simionovici, Alexandre -- Sitnitsky, Ilona -- Snead, Christopher J -- Stadermann, Frank J -- Stephan, Thomas -- Stroud, Rhonda M -- Susini, Jean -- Suzuki, Yoshio -- Sutton, Stephen R -- Taylor, Susan -- Teslich, Nick -- Troadec, D -- Tsou, Peter -- Tsuchiyama, Akira -- Uesugi, Kentaro -- Vekemans, Bart -- Vicenzi, Edward P -- Vincze, Laszlo -- Westphal, Andrew J -- Wozniakiewicz, Penelope -- Zinner, Ernst -- Zolensky, Michael E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1731-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, State University of New York at Plattsburgh, 101 Broad Street, Plattsburgh, NY 12901, USA. george.flynn@plattsburgh.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170294" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 4
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    Regolith migration and sorting on asteroid Itokawa (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-04-21
    Description: High-resolution images of the surface of asteroid Itokawa from the Hayabusa mission reveal it to be covered with unconsolidated millimeter-sized and larger gravels. Locations and morphologic characteristics of this gravel indicate that Itokawa has experienced considerable vibrations, which have triggered global-scale granular processes in its dry, vacuum, microgravity environment. These processes likely include granular convection, landslide-like granular migrations, and particle sorting, resulting in the segregation of the fine gravels into areas of potential lows. Granular processes become major resurfacing processes because of Itokawa's small size, implying that they can occur on other small asteroids should those have regolith.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miyamoto, Hideaki -- Yano, Hajime -- Scheeres, Daniel J -- Abe, Shinsuke -- Barnouin-Jha, Olivier -- Cheng, Andrew F -- Demura, Hirohide -- Gaskell, Robert W -- Hirata, Naru -- Ishiguro, Masateru -- Michikami, Tatsuhiro -- Nakamura, Akiko M -- Nakamura, Ryosuke -- Saito, Jun -- Sasaki, Sho -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 18;316(5827):1011-4. Epub 2007 Apr 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Museum Collection Utilization Studies, University Museum, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. hm@um.u-tokyo.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17446355" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 5
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    IP3 receptor types 2 and 3 mediate exocrine secretion underlying energy metabolism (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-10-01
    Description: Type 2 and type 3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R2 and IP3R3) are intracellular calcium-release channels whose physiological roles are unknown. We show exocrine dysfunction in IP3R2 and IP3R3 double knock-out mice, which caused difficulties in nutrient digestion. Severely impaired calcium signaling in acinar cells of the salivary glands and the pancreas in the double mutants ascribed the secretion deficits to a lack of intracellular calcium release. Despite a normal caloric intake, the double mutants were hypoglycemic and lean. These results reveal IP3R2 and IP3R3 as key molecules in exocrine physiology underlying energy metabolism and animal growth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Futatsugi, Akira -- Nakamura, Takeshi -- Yamada, Maki K -- Ebisui, Etsuko -- Nakamura, Kyoko -- Uchida, Keiko -- Kitaguchi, Tetsuya -- Takahashi-Iwanaga, Hiromi -- Noda, Tetsuo -- Aruga, Jun -- Mikoshiba, Katsuhiko -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Sep 30;309(5744):2232-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Calcium Oscillation, International Cooperative Research Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan. afutatsu@brain.riken.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16195467" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amylases/secretion ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Channels/genetics/*physiology ; Calcium Signaling ; Carbachol/pharmacology ; Digestion ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; *Energy Metabolism ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors ; Lipase/secretion ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Pancreas, Exocrine/cytology/*secretion ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics/*physiology ; Saliva/*secretion ; Salivation ; Submandibular Gland/metabolism/secretion ; Trypsinogen/secretion
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 6
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    The rubble-pile asteroid Itokawa as observed by Hayabusa (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-03
    Description: During the interval from September through early December 2005, the Hayabusa spacecraft was in close proximity to near-Earth asteroid 25143 Itokawa, and a variety of data were taken on its shape, mass, and surface topography as well as its mineralogic and elemental abundances. The asteroid's orthogonal axes are 535, 294, and 209 meters, the mass is 3.51 x 10(10) kilograms, and the estimated bulk density is 1.9 +/- 0.13 grams per cubic centimeter. The correspondence between the smooth areas on the surface (Muses Sea and Sagamihara) and the gravitationally low regions suggests mass movement and an effective resurfacing process by impact jolting. Itokawa is considered to be a rubble-pile body because of its low bulk density, high porosity, boulder-rich appearance, and shape. The existence of very large boulders and pillars suggests an early collisional breakup of a preexisting parent asteroid followed by a re-agglomeration into a rubble-pile object.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fujiwara, A -- Kawaguchi, J -- Yeomans, D K -- Abe, M -- Mukai, T -- Okada, T -- Saito, J -- Yano, H -- Yoshikawa, M -- Scheeres, D J -- Barnouin-Jha, O -- Cheng, A F -- Demura, H -- Gaskell, R W -- Hirata, N -- Ikeda, H -- Kominato, T -- Miyamoto, H -- Nakamura, A M -- Nakamura, R -- Sasaki, S -- Uesugi, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 2;312(5778):1330-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan. fujiwara@planeta.sci.isas.jaxa.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16741107" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 7
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    Deep-biosphere methane production stimulated by geofluids in the Nankai accretionary complex (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-14
    Description: Microbial life inhabiting subseafloor sediments plays an important role in Earth’s carbon cycle. However, the impact of geodynamic processes on the distributions and carbon-cycling activities of subseafloor life remains poorly constrained. We explore a submarine mud volcano of the Nankai accretionary complex by drilling down to 200 m below the summit. Stable isotopic compositions of water and carbon compounds, including clumped methane isotopologues, suggest that ~90% of methane is microbially produced at 16° to 30°C and 300 to 900 m below seafloor, corresponding to the basin bottom, where fluids in the accretionary prism are supplied via megasplay faults. Radiotracer experiments showed that relatively small microbial populations in deep mud volcano sediments (10 2 to 10 3 cells cm –3 ) include highly active hydrogenotrophic methanogens and acetogens. Our findings indicate that subduction-associated fluid migration has stimulated microbial activity in the mud reservoir and that mud volcanoes may contribute more substantially to the methane budget than previously estimated.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 8
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    "Newton's cradle" proton relay with amide-imidic acid tautomerization in inverting cellulase visualized by neutron crystallography (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-23
    Description: Hydrolysis of carbohydrates is a major bioreaction in nature, catalyzed by glycoside hydrolases (GHs). We used neutron diffraction and high-resolution x-ray diffraction analyses to investigate the hydrogen bond network in inverting cellulase Pc Cel45A, which is an endoglucanase belonging to subfamily C of GH family 45, isolated from the basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium . Examination of the enzyme and enzyme-ligand structures indicates a key role of multiple tautomerizations of asparagine residues and peptide bonds, which are finally connected to the other catalytic residue via typical side-chain hydrogen bonds, in forming the "Newton’s cradle"–like proton relay pathway of the catalytic cycle. Amide–imidic acid tautomerization of asparagine has not been taken into account in recent molecular dynamics simulations of not only cellulases but also general enzyme catalysis, and it may be necessary to reconsider our interpretation of many enzymatic reactions.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 9
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    Template-dependent nucleotide addition in the reverse (3'-5') direction by Thg1-like protein (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-27
    Description: Thg1-like protein (TLP) catalyzes the addition of a nucleotide to the 5'-end of truncated transfer RNA (tRNA) species in a Watson-Crick template–dependent manner. The reaction proceeds in two steps: the activation of the 5'-end by adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)/guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP), followed by nucleotide addition. Structural analyses of the TLP and its reaction intermediates have revealed the atomic detail of the template-dependent elongation reaction in the 3'-5' direction. The enzyme creates two substrate binding sites for the first- and second-step reactions in the vicinity of one reaction center consisting of two Mg 2+ ions, and the two reactions are executed at the same reaction center in a stepwise fashion. When the incoming nucleotide is bound to the second binding site with Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds, the 3'-OH of the incoming nucleotide and the 5'-triphosphate of the tRNA are moved to the reaction center where the first reaction has occurred. That the 3'-5' elongation enzyme performs this elaborate two-step reaction in one catalytic center suggests that these two reactions have been inseparable throughout the process of protein evolution. Although TLP and Thg1 have similar tetrameric organization, the tRNA binding mode of TLP is different from that of Thg1, a tRNA His -specific G –1 addition enzyme. Each tRNA His binds to three of the four Thg1 tetramer subunits, whereas in TLP, tRNA only binds to a dimer interface and the elongation reaction is terminated by measuring the accepter stem length through the flexible β-hairpin. Furthermore, mutational analyses show that tRNA His is bound to TLP in a similar manner as Thg1, thus indicating that TLP has a dual binding mode.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 10
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    Electron-scale dynamics of the diffusion region during symmetric magnetic reconnection in space (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Magnetic reconnection is an energy conversion process which occurs in many astrophysical contexts including the Earth’s magnetosphere, where the process can be investigated in-situ by spacecraft. We present the encounter of a reconnection site in Earth’s magnetotail by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft, where reconnection involves symmetric inflow conditions. The electron-scale plasma measurements revealed i) super-Alfvénic electron jets reaching 15,000 km/s, ii) electron meandering motion and acceleration by the electric field, producing multiple crescent-shaped structures in the velocity distributions, iii) the spatial dimensions of the electron diffusion region with an aspect ratio of 0.1-0.2, consistent with fast reconnection. The well-structured multiple layers of electron populations indicate that, despite the presence of turbulence near the reconnection site, the dominant electron dynamics are mostly laminar.〈/p〉
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    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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