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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2016-03-27
    Description: Correlating spatial chemical information with the morphology of closely packed nanostructures remains a challenge for the scientific community. For example, supramolecular self-assembly, which provides a powerful and low-cost way to create nanoscale patterns and engineered nanostructures, is not easily interrogated in real space via existing nondestructive techniques based on optics or electrons. A novel scanning probe technique called infrared photoinduced force microscopy (IR PiFM) directly measures the photoinduced polarizability of the sample in the near field by detecting the time-integrated force between the tip and the sample. By imaging at multiple IR wavelengths corresponding to absorption peaks of different chemical species, PiFM has demonstrated the ability to spatially map nm-scale patterns of the individual chemical components of two different types of self-assembled block copolymer films. With chemical-specific nanometer-scale imaging, PiFM provides a powerful new analytical method for deepening our understanding of nanomaterials.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Protected areas provide major benefits for humans in the form of ecosystem services, but landscape degradation by human activity at their edges may compromise their ecological functioning. Using multiple lines of evidence from 40 years of research in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem, we find that such edge degradation has effectively "squeezed" wildlife into the core protected area and has altered the ecosystem’s dynamics even within this 40,000-square-kilometer ecosystem. This spatial cascade reduced resilience in the core and was mediated by the movement of grazers, which reduced grass fuel and fires, weakened the capacity of soils to sequester nutrients and carbon, and decreased the responsiveness of primary production to rainfall. Similar effects in other protected ecosystems worldwide may require rethinking of natural resource management outside protected areas.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Domesticated maize evolved from wild teosinte under human influences in Mexico beginning around 9000 years before the present (yr B.P.), traversed Central America by ~7500 yr B.P., and spread into South America by ~6500 yr B.P. Landrace and archaeological maize genomes from South America suggest that the ancestral population to South American maize was brought out of the domestication center in Mexico and became isolated from the wild teosinte gene pool before traits of domesticated maize were fixed. Deeply structured lineages then evolved within South America out of this partially domesticated progenitor population. Genomic, linguistic, archaeological, and paleoecological data suggest that the southwestern Amazon was a secondary improvement center for partially domesticated maize. Multiple waves of human-mediated dispersal are responsible for the diversity and biogeography of modern South American maize.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2016-09-01
    Description: The metabolome is a collection of small molecules resulting from multiple cellular and biological processes that can act as biomarkers of disease, and African-Americans exhibit high levels of genetic diversity. Exome sequencing of a sample of deeply phenotyped African-Americans allowed us to analyze the effects of annotated loss-of-function (LoF) mutations on 308 serum metabolites measured by untargeted liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. In an independent sample, we identified and replicated four genes harboring six LoF mutations that significantly affected five metabolites. These sites were related to a 19 to 45% difference in geometric mean metabolite levels, with an average effect size of 25%. We show that some of the affected metabolites are risk predictors or diagnostic biomarkers of disease and, using the principle of Mendelian randomization, are in the causal pathway of disease. For example, LoF mutations in SLCO1B1 elevate the levels of hexadecanedioate, a fatty acid significantly associated with increased blood pressure levels and risk of incident heart failure in both African-Americans and an independent sample of European-Americans. We show that SLCO1B1 LoF mutations significantly increase the risk of incident heart failure, thus implicating the metabolite in the causal pathway of disease. These results reveal new avenues into gene function and the understanding of disease etiology by integrating -omic technologies into a deeply phenotyped population study.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2019
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Gravimetry, the precise measurement of gravitational fields, can be used to probe the internal structure of Earth and other planets. The Curiosity rover on Mars carries accelerometers normally used for navigation and attitude determination. We have recalibrated them to isolate the signature of the changing gravitational acceleration as the rover climbs through Gale crater. The subsurface rock density is inferred from the measured decrease in gravitational field strength with elevation. The density of the sedimentary rocks in Gale crater is 1680 ± 180 kilograms per cubic meter. This value is lower than expected, indicating a high porosity and constraining maximum burial depths of the rocks over their history.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2001-07-21
    Description: The 2,160,837-base pair genome sequence of an isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae, a Gram-positive pathogen that causes pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, and otitis media, contains 2236 predicted coding regions; of these, 1440 (64%) were assigned a biological role. Approximately 5% of the genome is composed of insertion sequences that may contribute to genome rearrangements through uptake of foreign DNA. Extracellular enzyme systems for the metabolism of polysaccharides and hexosamines provide a substantial source of carbon and nitrogen for S. pneumoniae and also damage host tissues and facilitate colonization. A motif identified within the signal peptide of proteins is potentially involved in targeting these proteins to the cell surface of low-guanine/cytosine (GC) Gram-positive species. Several surface-exposed proteins that may serve as potential vaccine candidates were identified. Comparative genome hybridization with DNA arrays revealed strain differences in S. pneumoniae that could contribute to differences in virulence and antigenicity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tettelin, H -- Nelson, K E -- Paulsen, I T -- Eisen, J A -- Read, T D -- Peterson, S -- Heidelberg, J -- DeBoy, R T -- Haft, D H -- Dodson, R J -- Durkin, A S -- Gwinn, M -- Kolonay, J F -- Nelson, W C -- Peterson, J D -- Umayam, L A -- White, O -- Salzberg, S L -- Lewis, M R -- Radune, D -- Holtzapple, E -- Khouri, H -- Wolf, A M -- Utterback, T R -- Hansen, C L -- McDonald, L A -- Feldblyum, T V -- Angiuoli, S -- Dickinson, T -- Hickey, E K -- Holt, I E -- Loftus, B J -- Yang, F -- Smith, H O -- Venter, J C -- Dougherty, B A -- Morrison, D A -- Hollingshead, S K -- Fraser, C M -- R01 AI40645-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 20;293(5529):498-506.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11463916" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigens, Bacterial ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Bacterial Vaccines ; Base Composition ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Bacterial/genetics ; Computational Biology ; DNA Transposable Elements ; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics ; Gene Duplication ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Hexosamines/metabolism ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Recombination, Genetic ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/*genetics/immunology/metabolism/*pathogenicity ; Virulence ; rRNA Operon
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1998-02-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krebs, J R -- Anderson, R M -- Clutton-Brock, T -- Donnelly, C A -- Frost, S -- Morrison, W I -- Woodroffe, R -- Young, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 6;279(5352):817-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Natural Environment Research Council, Swindon, Wilts, SN2 1EU, UK. hqpo@wpo.nerc.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9480550" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Carnivora/*microbiology ; Cattle ; Disease Reservoirs/*veterinary ; Great Britain/epidemiology ; Incidence ; *Pest Control ; Research ; Tuberculosis/transmission/*veterinary ; Tuberculosis, Bovine/epidemiology/*prevention & control/*transmission
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: It has been assumed that the new members of the p53 protein family, p63 and p73, would have the same job as p53, namely, forcing cells to die if they or their DNA is damaged. Now, as Morrison and Kinoshita explain in their Perspective, one particular form of p73 has been found to be a survival factor rather than a death factor for sympathetic neurons during development (Pozniak et al.).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morrison, R S -- Kinoshita, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):257-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356470, Seattle, WA 98195-6470, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917851" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Mice ; Neurons/*physiology ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Sympathetic Nervous System/cytology/*growth & development/physiology ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics/physiology ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2002-03-23
    Description: High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images of room-temperature fluid xenon in small faceted cavities in aluminum reveal the presence of three well-defined layers within the fluid at each facet. Such interfacial layering of simple liquids has been theoretically predicted, but observational evidence has been ambiguous. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the density variation induced by the layering will cause xenon, confined to an approximately cubic cavity of volume approximately 8 cubic nanometers, to condense into the body-centered cubic phase, differing from the face-centered cubic phase of both bulk solid xenon and solid xenon confined in somewhat larger (〉/=20 cubic nanometer) tetradecahedral cavities in face-centered cubic metals. Layering at the liquid-solid interface plays an important role in determining physical properties as diverse as the rheological behavior of two-dimensionally confined liquids and the dynamics of crystal growth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Donnelly, Stephen E -- Birtcher, Robert C -- Allen, Charles W -- Morrison, Ian -- Furuya, Kazuo -- Song, Minghui -- Mitsuishi, Kazutaka -- Dahmen, Ulrich -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 19;296(5567):507-10. Epub 2002 Mar 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Joule Physics Laboratory, Institute for Materials Research, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK. : s.e.donnelly@salford.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910071" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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