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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉The near-Earth carbonaceous asteroid 162173 Ryugu is thought to have been produced from a parent body that contained water ice and organic molecules. The Hayabusa2 spacecraft has obtained global multi-color images of Ryugu. Geomorphological features present include a circum-equatorial ridge, east/west dichotomy, high boulder abundances across the entire surface, and impact craters. Age estimates from the craters indicate a resurfacing age of 〈f〉〈/f〉 years for the top 1-meter layer. Ryugu is among the darkest known bodies in the Solar System. The high abundance and spectral properties of boulders are consistent with moderately dehydrated materials, analogous to thermally metamorphosed meteorites found on Earth. The general uniformity in color across Ryugu’s surface supports partial dehydration due to internal heating of the asteroid’s parent body.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2006-06-03
    Description: Rendezvous of the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa with the near-Earth asteroid 25143 Itokawa took place during the interval September through November 2005. The onboard camera imaged the solid surface of this tiny asteroid (535 meters by 294 meters by 209 meters) with a spatial resolution of 70 centimeters per pixel, revealing diverse surface morphologies. Unlike previously explored asteroids, the surface of Itokawa reveals both rough and smooth terrains. Craters generally show unclear morphologies. Numerous boulders on Itokawa's surface suggest a rubble-pile structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saito, J -- Miyamoto, H -- Nakamura, R -- Ishiguro, M -- Michikami, T -- Nakamura, A M -- Demura, H -- Sasaki, S -- Hirata, N -- Honda, C -- Yamamoto, A -- Yokota, Y -- Fuse, T -- Yoshida, F -- Tholen, D J -- Gaskell, R W -- Hashimoto, T -- Kubota, T -- Higuchi, Y -- Nakamura, T -- Smith, P -- Hiraoka, K -- Honda, T -- Kobayashi, S -- Furuya, M -- Matsumoto, N -- Nemoto, E -- Yukishita, A -- Kitazato, K -- Dermawan, B -- Sogame, A -- Terazono, J -- Shinohara, C -- Akiyama, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 2;312(5778):1341-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Hayabusa Project Team, Institute of Space and Astronautical Sciences (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan. saitoj@planeta.sci.isas.jaxa.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16741110" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉The near-Earth carbonaceous asteroid 162173 Ryugu is thought to have been produced from a parent body that contained water ice and organic molecules. The Hayabusa2 spacecraft has obtained global multicolor images of Ryugu. Geomorphological features present include a circum-equatorial ridge, east-west dichotomy, high boulder abundances across the entire surface, and impact craters. Age estimates from the craters indicate a resurfacing age of 〈f〉〈/f〉 years for the top 1-meter layer. Ryugu is among the darkest known bodies in the Solar System. The high abundance and spectral properties of boulders are consistent with moderately dehydrated materials, analogous to thermally metamorphosed meteorites found on Earth. The general uniformity in color across Ryugu’s surface supports partial dehydration due to internal heating of the asteroid’s parent body.〈/p〉
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Isotope compositions of basalts provide information about the chemical reservoirs in Earth’s interior and play a critical role in defining models of Earth’s structure. However, the helium isotope signature of the mantle below depths of a few hundred kilometers has been difficult to measure directly. This information is a vital baseline for understanding helium isotopes in erupted basalts. We measured He-Sr-Pb isotope ratios in superdeep diamond fluid inclusions from the transition zone (depth of 410 to 660 kilometers) unaffected by degassing and shallow crustal contamination. We found extreme He-C-Pb-Sr isotope variability, with high 〈sup〉3〈/sup〉He/〈sup〉4〈/sup〉He ratios related to higher helium concentrations. This indicates that a less degassed, high-〈sup〉3〈/sup〉He/〈sup〉4〈/sup〉He deep mantle source infiltrates the transition zone, where it interacts with recycled material, creating the diverse compositions recorded in ocean island basalts.〈/p〉
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Commensal bacteria influence host physiology, without invading host tissues. We show that proteins from segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are transferred into intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) through adhesion-directed endocytosis that is distinct from the clathrin-dependent endocytosis of invasive pathogens. This process transfers microbial cell wall–associated proteins, including an antigen that stimulates mucosal T helper 17 (T〈sub〉H〈/sub〉17) cell differentiation, into the cytosol of IECs in a cell division control protein 42 homolog (CDC42)–dependent manner. Removal of CDC42 activity in vivo led to disruption of endocytosis induced by SFB and decreased epithelial antigen acquisition, with consequent loss of mucosal T〈sub〉H〈/sub〉17 cells. Our findings demonstrate direct communication between a resident gut microbe and the host and show that under physiological conditions, IECs acquire antigens from commensal bacteria for generation of T cell responses to the resident microbiota.〈/p〉
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2000-03-17
    Description: Allergic asthma is caused by the aberrant expansion in the lung of T helper cells that produce type 2 (TH2) cytokines and is characterized by infiltration of eosinophils and bronchial hyperreactivity. This disease is often triggered by mast cells activated by immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic challenge. Activated mast cells release various chemical mediators, including prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), whose role in allergic asthma has now been investigated by the generation of mice deficient in the PGD receptor (DP). Sensitization and aerosol challenge of the homozygous mutant (DP-/-) mice with ovalbumin (OVA) induced increases in the serum concentration of IgE similar to those in wild-type mice subjected to this model of asthma. However, the concentrations of TH2 cytokines and the extent of lymphocyte accumulation in the lung of OVA-challenged DP-/- mice were greatly reduced compared with those in wild-type animals. Moreover, DP-/- mice showed only marginal infiltration of eosinophils and failed to develop airway hyperreactivity. Thus, PGD2 functions as a mast cell-derived mediator to trigger asthmatic responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matsuoka, T -- Hirata, M -- Tanaka, H -- Takahashi, Y -- Murata, T -- Kabashima, K -- Sugimoto, Y -- Kobayashi, T -- Ushikubi, F -- Aze, Y -- Eguchi, N -- Urade, Y -- Yoshida, N -- Kimura, K -- Mizoguchi, A -- Honda, Y -- Nagai, H -- Narumiya, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 17;287(5460):2013-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10720327" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allergens/immunology ; Animals ; Asthma/immunology/metabolism/pathology/*physiopathology ; Bronchial Hyperreactivity ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology/immunology ; Crosses, Genetic ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E/blood ; Interferon-gamma/metabolism ; Interleukins/metabolism ; Lung/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Lymphocytes/immunology ; Male ; Mast Cells/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mucus/secretion ; Ovalbumin/immunology ; Prostaglandin D2/metabolism/*physiology ; *Receptors, Immunologic ; Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Respiratory Mucosa/secretion
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: Spermatogenesis is a highly specialized process of cellular differentiation to produce spermatozoa. This differentiation process accompanies morphological changes that are controlled by a number of genes expressed in a stage-specific manner during spermatogenesis. Here we show that in mice, the absence of a testis-specific, cytoplasmic polyadenylate [poly(A)] polymerase, TPAP, results in the arrest of spermiogenesis. TPAP-deficient mice display impaired expression of haploid-specific genes that are required for the morphogenesis of germ cells. The TPAP deficiency also causes incomplete elongation of poly(A) tails of particular transcription factor messenger RNAs. Although the overall cellular level of the transcription factor TAF10 is unaffected, TAF10 is insufficiently transported into the nucleus of germ cells. We propose that TPAP governs germ cell morphogenesis by modulating specific transcription factors at posttranscriptional and posttranslational levels.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kashiwabara, Shin-Ichi -- Noguchi, Junko -- Zhuang, Tiangang -- Ohmura, Ko -- Honda, Arata -- Sugiura, Shin -- Miyamoto, Kiyoko -- Takahashi, Satoru -- Inoue, Kimiko -- Ogura, Atsuo -- Baba, Tadashi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1999-2002.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471261" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cytoplasm/enzymology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Targeting ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Organ Size ; Poly A/metabolism ; Polynucleotide Adenylyltransferase/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Messenger/*metabolism ; Spermatids/physiology ; Spermatocytes/physiology ; *Spermatogenesis ; Spermatozoa/*physiology ; Testis/*enzymology/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; mRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factors/genetics/metabolism
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1999-02-05
    Description: Oligomerization of a peptide was attempted in a flow reactor that simulated a submarine hydrothermal system. When fluid containing glycine repeatedly circulated through the hot and cold regions in the reactor, oligopeptides were made from glycine. When divalent ions (such as copper ions) were added under acidic conditions, oligoglycine was elongated up to hexaglycine. This observation suggests that prebiotic monomers could have oligomerized in the vicinity of submarine hydrothermal vents on primitive Earth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Imai, E -- Honda, H -- Hatori, K -- Brack, A -- Matsuno, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 5;283(5403):831-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of BioEngineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka 940-2188, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9933163" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Copper/chemistry ; Diketopiperazines ; Dimerization ; *Evolution, Chemical ; Glycine/*chemistry ; Glycylglycine/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; *Hot Temperature ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydrolysis ; Mass Spectrometry ; Oligopeptides/*chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Piperazines/chemical synthesis ; *Pressure ; Temperature
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2001-11-03
    Description: A high-dispersion spectrum of Comet C/1999S4 (LINEAR) was obtained in the optical region with the high-dispersion spectrograph on the Subaru telescope when the comet was 0.863 astronomical units from the Sun before its disintegration. We obtained high signal-to-noise ratio emission lines of the cometary NH2 bands from which an ortho-to-para ratio (OPR) of 3.33 +/- 0.07 was derived on the basis of a fluorescence excitation model. Assuming that cometary NH2 mainly originates from ammonia through photodissociation, the derived OPR of NH2 molecules should reflect that of ammonia, which provides information on the environment of molecular formation or condensation and of the thermal history of cometary ices. Assuming that the OPR of ammonia in comets was unchanged in the nucleus, the derived spin temperature of ammonia (28 +/- 2 kelvin) suggests that a formation region of the cometary ammonia ice was between the orbit of Saturn and that of Uranus in the solar nebula.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kawakita, H -- Watanabe, J -- Ando, H -- Aoki, W -- Fuse, T -- Honda, S -- Izumiura, H -- Kajino, T -- Kambe, E -- Kawanomoto, S -- Noguchi, K -- Okita, K -- Sadakane, K -- Sato, B -- Takada-Hidai, M -- Takeda, Y -- Usuda, T -- Watanabe, E -- Yoshida, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 2;294(5544):1089-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gunma Astronomical Observatory, 6860-86 Nakayama, Takayama, Agatsuma, Gunma 377-0702, Japan. kawakita@astron.pref.gunma.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11691989" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ammonia ; Ice ; *Meteoroids ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1991-06-28
    Description: Solid-state phase transitions in time-dependent mantle convection can induce diapiric flows in the upper mantle. When a deep mantle plume rises toward phase boundaries in the upper mantle, the changes in the local thermal buoyancy, local heat capacity, and latent heat associated with the phase change at a depth of 670 kilometers tend to pinch off the plume head from the feeding stem and form a diapir. This mechanism may explain episodic hot spot volcanism. The nature of the multiple phase boundaries at the boundary between the upper and lower mantle may control the fate of deep mantle plumes, allowing hot plumes to go through and retarding the tepid ones.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, M -- Yuen, D A -- Zhao, W -- Honda, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jun 28;252(5014):1836-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17753261" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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