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  • 1
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    E5531, a pure endotoxin antagonist of high potency (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-04-07
    Description: Shock due to Gram-negative bacterial sepsis is a consequence of acute inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or endotoxin released from bacteria. LPS is a major constituent of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and its terminal disaccharide phospholipid (lipid A) portion contains the key structural features responsible for toxic activity. Based on the proposed structure of nontoxic Rhodobacter capsulatus lipid A, a fully stabilized endotoxin antagonist E5531 has been synthesized. In vitro, E5531 demonstrated potent antagonism of LPS-mediated cellular activation in a variety of systems. In vivo, E5531 protected mice from LPS-induced lethality and, in cooperation with an antibiotic, protected mice from a lethal infection of viable Escherichia coli.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Christ, W J -- Asano, O -- Robidoux, A L -- Perez, M -- Wang, Y -- Dubuc, G R -- Gavin, W E -- Hawkins, L D -- McGuinness, P D -- Mullarkey, M A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Apr 7;268(5207):80-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Elsai Research Institute, Andover, MA 01810-2441, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7701344" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; BCG Vaccine/immunology ; Cytokines/secretion ; Drug Design ; Endotoxins/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Escherichia coli Infections/immunology ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/immunology ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lipid A/*analogs & derivatives/chemical synthesis/chemistry/pharmacology ; Lipopolysaccharides/antagonists & inhibitors ; Macrophages/immunology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Monocytes/immunology ; Moxalactam/pharmacology ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Rhodobacter capsulatus/immunology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/secretion
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Parallel supercomputers for lattice gauge theory (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-03-18
    Description: During the past 10 years, particle physicists have increasingly employed numerical simulation to answer fundamental theoretical questions about the properties of quarks and gluons. The enormous computer resources required by quantum chromodynamic calculations have inspired the design and construction of very powerful, highly parallel, dedicated computers optimized for this work. This article gives a brief description of the numerical structure and current status of these large-scale lattice gauge theory calculations, with emphasis on the computational demands they make. The architecture, present state, and potential of these special-purpose supercomputers is described. It is argued that a numerical solution of low energy quantum chromodynamics may well be achieved by these machines.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, F R -- Christ, N H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Mar 18;239(4846):1393-400.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17769735" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Germinal center antibody mutation trajectories are determined by rapid self/foreign discrimination (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-13
    Description: Antibodies have the specificity to differentiate foreign antigens that mimic self antigens, but it remains unclear how such specificity is acquired. In a mouse model, we generated B cells displaying an antibody that cross-reacts with two related protein antigens expressed on self versus foreign cells. B cell anergy was imposed by self antigen but reversed upon challenge with high-density foreign antigen, leading to germinal center recruitment and antibody gene hypermutation. Single-cell analysis detected rapid selection for mutations that decrease self affinity and slower selection for epistatic mutations that specifically increase foreign affinity. Crystal structures revealed that these mutations exploited subtle topological differences to achieve 5000-fold preferential binding to foreign over self epitopes. Resolution of antigenic mimicry drove the optimal affinity maturation trajectory, highlighting the value of retaining self-reactive clones as substrates for protective antibody responses.
    Keywords: Cell Biology, Immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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