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  • 1
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    A low upper limit on the subsurface rise speed of solar active regions (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Magnetic field emerges at the surface of the Sun as sunspots and active regions. This process generates a poloidal magnetic field from a rising toroidal flux tube; it is a crucial but poorly understood aspect of the solar dynamo. The emergence of magnetic field is also important because it is a key driver of solar activity. We show that measurements of horizontal flows at the solar surface around emerging active regions, in combination with numerical simulations of solar magnetoconvection, can constrain the subsurface rise speed of emerging magnetic flux. The observed flows imply that the rise speed of the magnetic field is no larger than 150 m/s at a depth of 20 Mm, that is, well below the prediction of the (standard) thin flux tube model but in the range expected for convective velocities at this depth. We conclude that convective flows control the dynamics of rising flux tubes in the upper layers of the Sun and cannot be neglected in models of flux emergence.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    A gamma-ray determination of the Universes star formation history (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉The light emitted by all galaxies over the history of the Universe produces the extragalactic background light (EBL) at ultraviolet, optical, and infrared wavelengths. The EBL is a source of opacity for gamma rays via photon-photon interactions, leaving an imprint in the spectra of distant gamma-ray sources. We measured this attenuation using 739 active galaxies and one gamma-ray burst detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope. This allowed us to reconstruct the evolution of the EBL and determine the star formation history of the Universe over 90% of cosmic time. Our star formation history is consistent with independent measurements from galaxy surveys, peaking at redshift 〈i〉z〈/i〉 ~ 2. Upper limits of the EBL at the epoch of reionization suggest a turnover in the abundance of faint galaxies at 〈i〉z〈/i〉 ~ 6.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    [Perspective] Promoting CNS repair (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-01
    Description: A developmental loss of intrinsic reparative capacity and the inhibitory environment in injury and disease contribute to regenerative failure in the central nervous system (CNS). The same factors are thought to hinder endogenous and exogenous regenerative therapies, including cell-based replacement (1, 2). In neurodegenerative disorders, the contributions of microglia, astrocytes, and peripheral immune cells may be both harmful and beneficial. For example, resident microglia and peripheral cells of the innate immune system promote inflammation and cell death (apoptosis) in response to CNS injury, but immune cell activation also has been associated with neuroprotection and repair (3). This duality suggests that stimulating protective functions while minimizing proapoptotic and inhibitory signals could prove critical in treating neurodegenerative disease. On page 43 of this issue, Neves et al. (4) show that a neurotrophic signaling pathway in microglia and innate immune cells that is activated in disease or injury can be leveraged to promote neuroprotection and tissue repair. Authors: Evan G. Cameron, Jeffrey L. Goldberg
    Keywords: Neuroregeneration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Exceptional preservation of mid-Cretaceous marine arthropods and the evolution of novel forms via heterochrony (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Evolutionary origins of novel forms are often obscure because early and transitional fossils tend to be rare, poorly preserved, or lack proper phylogenetic contexts. We describe a new, exceptionally preserved enigmatic crab from the mid-Cretaceous of Colombia and the United States, whose completeness illuminates the early disparity of the group and the origins of novel forms. Its large and unprotected compound eyes, small fusiform body, and leg-like mouthparts suggest larval trait retention into adulthood via heterochronic development (pedomorphosis), while its large oar-like legs represent the earliest known adaptations in crabs for active swimming. Our phylogenetic analyses, including representatives of all major lineages of fossil and extant crabs, challenge conventional views of their evolution by revealing multiple convergent losses of a typical "crab-like" body plan since the Early Cretaceous. These parallel morphological transformations may be associated with repeated invasions of novel environments, including the pelagic/necto-benthic zone in this pedomorphic chimera crab.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    A genomic regulatory network for development (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-02
    Description: Development of the body plan is controlled by large networks of regulatory genes. A gene regulatory network that controls the specification of endoderm and mesoderm in the sea urchin embryo is summarized here. The network was derived from large-scale perturbation analyses, in combination with computational methodologies, genomic data, cis-regulatory analysis, and molecular embryology. The network contains over 40 genes at present, and each node can be directly verified at the DNA sequence level by cis-regulatory analysis. Its architecture reveals specific and general aspects of development, such as how given cells generate their ordained fates in the embryo and why the process moves inexorably forward in developmental time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davidson, Eric H -- Rast, Jonathan P -- Oliveri, Paola -- Ransick, Andrew -- Calestani, Cristina -- Yuh, Chiou-Hwa -- Minokawa, Takuya -- Amore, Gabriele -- Hinman, Veronica -- Arenas-Mena, Cesar -- Otim, Ochan -- Brown, C Titus -- Livi, Carolina B -- Lee, Pei Yun -- Revilla, Roger -- Rust, Alistair G -- Pan, Zheng jun -- Schilstra, Maria J -- Clarke, Peter J C -- Arnone, Maria I -- Rowen, Lee -- Cameron, R Andrew -- McClay, David R -- Hood, Leroy -- Bolouri, Hamid -- GM-61005/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HD-37105/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- RR-06591/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- RR-15044/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 1;295(5560):1669-78.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. davidson@caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11872831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Lineage ; Computational Biology ; Embryonic Development ; Endoderm/cytology/*physiology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Regulator ; *Genome ; Mesoderm/cytology/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Models, Genetic ; Morphogenesis ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Sea Urchins/*embryology/*genetics ; Stem Cells/physiology ; Systems Theory
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Physician-scientists at risk (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cameron, O G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 5;283(5407):1456.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10206873" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Managed Care Programs ; *Research ; *Research Support as Topic ; Schools, Medical/*economics ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Effects of helpers on juvenile development and survival in meerkats (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-29
    Description: Although breeding success is known to increase with group size in several cooperative mammals, the mechanisms underlying these relationships are uncertain. We show that in wild groups of cooperative meerkats, Suricata suricatta, reductions in the ratio of helpers to pups depress the daily weight gain and growth of pups and the daily weight gain of helpers. Increases in the daily weight gain of pups are associated with heavier weights at independence and at 1 year of age, as well as with improved foraging success as juveniles and higher survival rates through the first year of life. These results suggest that the effects of helpers on the fitness of pups extend beyond weaning and that helpers may gain direct as well as indirect benefits by feeding pups.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clutton-Brock, T H -- Russell, A F -- Sharpe, L L -- Brotherton, P N -- McIlrath, G M -- White, S -- Cameron, E Z -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 28;293(5539):2446-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. thcb@hermes.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11577235" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Breeding ; Carnivora/growth & development/*physiology ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Male ; Survival Rate ; *Weight Gain
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Chemical contrast in X-ray microscopy and spatially resolved XANES spectroscopy of organic specimens (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-06
    Description: The scanning transmission x-ray microscope at the National Synchrotron Light Source has been used to record x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra from 0.01-square-micrometer regions of organic specimens. The spectral features observed reflect the molecular structure of the dominant absorbing atoms and provide the contrast mechanism for high-resolution imaging with chemical sensitivity. This technique was used with x-ray energies near the carbon K absorption edge to identify and map separate phases in various polymer blends and to map the DNA distribution in chromosomes with a spatial resolution of 55 nanometers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ade, H -- Zhang, X -- Cameron, S -- Costello, C -- Kirz, J -- Williams, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 6;258(5084):972-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1439809" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acrylic Resins/chemistry ; Chromosomes/chemistry ; DNA/analysis/chemistry ; Fabaceae/genetics ; Microscopy/*methods ; Plants, Medicinal ; Polypropylenes/chemistry ; Polystyrenes/chemistry ; Serum Albumin, Bovine/analysis/chemistry ; Spectrum Analysis/*methods ; X-Rays
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Dendritic cells exposed to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 transmit a vigorous cytopathic infection to CD4+ T cells (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-17
    Description: The paucity of virus-laden CD4+ cells in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) contrasts with the greatly reduced numbers and function of these lymphocytes. A pathway is described whereby dendritic cells carry HIV-1 to uninfected T cells, amplifying the cytopathic effects of small amounts of virus. After exposure to HIV-1, dendritic cells continue to present superantigens and antigens, forming clusters with T cells that are driven to replicate. Infection of the dendritic cells cannot be detected, but the clustered T cells form syncytia, release virions, and die. Carriage of HIV-1 by dendritic cells may facilitate the lysis and loss of antigen specific CD4+ T cells in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cameron, P U -- Freudenthal, P S -- Barker, J M -- Gezelter, S -- Inaba, K -- Steinman, R M -- AI 24775/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- MOI-RR00102/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 17;257(5068):383-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1352913" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy/*transmission ; Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/*microbiology ; Cell Separation ; Dendritic Cells/*immunology/*microbiology ; Flow Cytometry ; HIV Core Protein p24/biosynthesis ; HIV Long Terminal Repeat/physiology ; HIV-1/*pathogenicity ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed ; Mice ; Microscopy, Electron ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Zidovudine/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    The transcriptome of the sea urchin embryo (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-11
    Description: The sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is a model organism for study of the genomic control circuitry underlying embryonic development. We examined the complete repertoire of genes expressed in the S. purpuratus embryo, up to late gastrula stage, by means of high-resolution custom tiling arrays covering the whole genome. We detected complete spliced structures even for genes known to be expressed at low levels in only a few cells. At least 11,000 to 12,000 genes are used in embryogenesis. These include most of the genes encoding transcription factors and signaling proteins, as well as some classes of general cytoskeletal and metabolic proteins, but only a minor fraction of genes encoding immune functions and sensory receptors. Thousands of small asymmetric transcripts of unknown function were also detected in intergenic regions throughout the genome. The tiling array data were used to correct and authenticate several thousand gene models during the genome annotation process.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Samanta, Manoj P -- Tongprasit, Waraporn -- Istrail, Sorin -- Cameron, R Andrew -- Tu, Qiang -- Davidson, Eric H -- Stolc, Viktor -- HD-37105/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):960-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Systemix Institute, Los Altos, CA 94024, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095694" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastula/metabolism ; Computational Biology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/*metabolism ; Embryonic Development/*genetics ; Gastrula/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Genome ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Probe Techniques ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/genetics ; Strongylocentrotus purpuratus/*embryology/*genetics/growth & development ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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