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  • 1
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    A path for lignin valorization via additive manufacturing of high-performance sustainable composites with enhanced 3D printability (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉We report the manufacture of printable, sustainable polymer systems to address global challenges associated with high-volume utilization of lignin, an industrial waste from biomass feedstock. By analyzing a common three-dimensional printing process—fused-deposition modeling—and correlating the printing-process features to properties of materials such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and nylon, we devised a first-of-its-kind, high-performance class of printable renewable composites containing 40 to 60 weight % (wt %) lignin. An ABS analog made by integrating lignin into nitrile-butadiene rubber needs the presence of a styrenic polymer to avoid filament buckling during printing. However, lignin-modified nylon composites containing 40 to 60 wt % sinapyl alcohol–rich, melt-stable lignin exhibit enhanced stiffness and tensile strength at room temperature, while—unexpectedly—demonstrating a reduced viscosity in the melt. Further, incorporation of 4 to 16 wt % discontinuous carbon fibers enhances mechanical stiffness and printing speed, as the thermal conductivity of the carbon fibers facilitates heat transfer and thinning of the melt. We found that the presence of lignin and carbon fibers retards nylon crystallization, leading to low-melting imperfect crystals that allow good printability at lower temperatures without lignin degradation.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    An Aqueous-Based Synthesis of Flower-Like Hydroxy Sodalite Particles in the Presence of Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-05
    Description: Hydroxy sodalite (HS) particles were synthesized hydrothermally at 90°C for 10 h in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and other aqua-based precursor materials like sodium aluminate, sodium metasilicate, and water. Crystalline phases and microstructures of the synthesized particles were studied by X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The effect of CTAB concentrations on the crystallinity and morphology of the synthesized particles was investigated. Thread-ball like HS particles along with some cube-shaped zeolite A were obtained in the presence of 0–0.5 mM CTAB while flower-like HS particles were observed in the presence of 1–5 mM of CTAB concentrations. With increase in CTAB concentration, HS phase increased significantly, and phase pure HS particles resulted for 3 and 5 mM of CTAB concentrations. A mechanism for the formation of flower-like HS particles was also proposed.
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 3
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    Understanding the Role of Triblock Copolymers for the Synthesis of Mesoporous Alumina, and Its Adsorption Efficiency for Congo Red (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-08
    Description: Mesoporous alumina (MA)was synthesized by sol–gel based evaporation-induced self-assembly process using aluminum isopropoxide as alumina source in the presence of three different types of triblock copolymers (TBCs), F68, F127, and L64. The role of different TBCs as surfactants on thermal, crystallization, textural, and microstructural properties of the alumina powders was studied. To understand the effects of different copolymers, the adsorption efficiency of the samples for Congo red (CR) was studied. For all the surfactants, the XRD results showed the stability of γ- Al 2 O 3 phase up to 1000°C for 1 h dwell time. A maximum value (431.8 m 2 /g) of Brunauer–Emmet–Teller surface area was obtained for the 400°C-treated powder prepared from F68 surfactant. The transmission electron microscopy micrograph exhibited worm-like mesoporous structures of the 400°C-treated powders prepared from F68 and F127 surfactants . The adsorption performance for CR of the 400°C-treated powders for different surfactants was in the order of F68 〉 F127 〉 L64. A tentative mechanism was illustrated to understand the roles of different block copolymers on the properties of the prepared MA.
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 4
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    A Facile Hydrothermal Conversion of Rice Husk Ash to ZSM-5 Zeolite Powders (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: The ZSM-5 zeolite powders were prepared through in situ extraction (extraction and conversion in single step process) of silica from rice husk ash in the presence of other aqueous-based precursors (sodium aluminate and tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide) following a simple hydrothermal condition at 130°C–170°C. The powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, N 2 physisorption measurements, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Crystallizations of ZSM-5 were noticed at 130°C/96 h, 150°C/24 h, and 170°C/12 h. The exothermic peak at 422°C in DTA curve indicated the removal of tetrapropyl ammonium ions (TPA + ) used as structure directing agent (SDA). The vibration bands at around 550 and 1221 cm −1 indicated the presence of double 5-ring in ZSM-5. The 150°C–170°C-treated samples exhibited higher BET surface area and pore volume compared to those of 130°C-treated powders. The FESEM images showed coffin-shaped morphology of the powders, and their sizes increased with increase in both reaction temperature and time.
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
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    Synthesis of ZSM-5 Zeolite Particles Using Triethanol Amine as Structure-Directing Agent (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-15
    Description: The ZSM -5 zeolite particles have been prepared using triethanol amine as structure-directing agent under static hydrothermal condition at 170°C for 7 days. The particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, N 2 physisorption measurements, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The crystalline ZSM -5 was found at 170°C/7 days as shown by XRD. The vibration bands at around 549 and 1226 cm −1 in the FTIR spectra indicated the presence of double 5-ring in ZSM -5. The exothermic peak at 395°C in DTA curve indicated the removal of structure-directing agent. The BET surface area of the particles was 100 m 2 /g. The FESEM images showed coffin-shaped and broom-like crystals of ZSM -5.
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 6
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    Lignin valorization: improving lignin processing in the biorefinery (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-17
    Description: Research and development activities directed toward commercial production of cellulosic ethanol have created the opportunity to dramatically increase the transformation of lignin to value-added products. Here, we highlight recent advances in this lignin valorization effort. Discovery of genetic variants in native populations of bioenergy crops and direct manipulation of biosynthesis pathways have produced lignin feedstocks with favorable properties for recovery and downstream conversion. Advances in analytical chemistry and computational modeling detail the structure of the modified lignin and direct bioengineering strategies for future targeted properties. Refinement of biomass pretreatment technologies has further facilitated lignin recovery, and this coupled with genetic engineering will enable new uses for this biopolymer, including low-cost carbon fibers, engineered plastics and thermoplastic elastomers, polymeric foams, fungible fuels, and commodity chemicals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ragauskas, Arthur J -- Beckham, Gregg T -- Biddy, Mary J -- Chandra, Richard -- Chen, Fang -- Davis, Mark F -- Davison, Brian H -- Dixon, Richard A -- Gilna, Paul -- Keller, Martin -- Langan, Paul -- Naskar, Amit K -- Saddler, Jack N -- Tschaplinski, Timothy J -- Tuskan, Gerald A -- Wyman, Charles E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 16;344(6185):1246843. doi: 10.1126/science.1246843.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉BioEnergy Science Center, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA. arthur.ragauskas@chemistry.gatech.edu. ; National Bioenergy Center and National Advanced Biofuels Consortium, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO 80402, USA. ; Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. ; BioEnergy Science Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA. ; BioEnergy Science Center and National Advanced Biofuels Consortium, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80402, USA. ; BioEnergy Science Center, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA. ; Energy and Environmental Science Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA. ; Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA. ; Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA. ; BioEnergy Science Center, Center for Environmental Research and Technology and Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24833396" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bioengineering/*methods ; Biofuels ; Carbon ; Cellulose/*chemistry ; Crops, Agricultural/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Elastomers ; Lignin/*biosynthesis/chemistry/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Morphologically Tuned Aluminum Hydrous Oxides and Their Calcined Products (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-09
    Description: Aluminum hydrous oxides and their derivatives were prepared by a facile solvothermal process in the presence of formamide, dimethyl formamide, and diethyl formamide as solvents at 150°C/24 h. The as-synthesized products were calcined at 500°C/1 h to obtain γ-Al 2 O 3 . The crystallization behavior and microstructure of the pre- and postcalcination products were studied by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The surface textural properties of the calcined samples were investigated by N 2 adsorption–desorption analysis. The formamide and its derivatives played a significant role in tuning textural properties of the calcined products. The diethyl formamide based sample exhibited enhanced Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and pore volume of 517 m 2 g −1 and 2 cm 3 g −1 , respectively. Both the as-prepared and calcined samples showed variable morphologies and crystallinity using different solvents. The trend in morphological changes as nanosheet nanorod nanowire bundles occurred in the presence of formamide, dimethylformamide, and diethylformamide, respectively. A tentative mechanism has been illustrated for the formation of the products.
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
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    A path for lignin valorization via additive manufacturing of high-performance sustainable composites with enhanced 3D printability (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-15
    Description: We report the manufacture of printable, sustainable polymer systems to address global challenges associated with high-volume utilization of lignin, an industrial waste from biomass feedstock. By analyzing a common three-dimensional printing process—fused-deposition modeling—and correlating the printing-process features to properties of materials such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and nylon, we devised a first-of-its-kind, high-performance class of printable renewable composites containing 40 to 60 weight % (wt %) lignin. An ABS analog made by integrating lignin into nitrile-butadiene rubber needs the presence of a styrenic polymer to avoid filament buckling during printing. However, lignin-modified nylon composites containing 40 to 60 wt % sinapyl alcohol–rich, melt-stable lignin exhibit enhanced stiffness and tensile strength at room temperature, while—unexpectedly—demonstrating a reduced viscosity in the melt. Further, incorporation of 4 to 16 wt % discontinuous carbon fibers enhances mechanical stiffness and printing speed, as the thermal conductivity of the carbon fibers facilitates heat transfer and thinning of the melt. We found that the presence of lignin and carbon fibers retards nylon crystallization, leading to low-melting imperfect crystals that allow good printability at lower temperatures without lignin degradation.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Solvothermal Conversion of Nanofiber to Nanorod-Like Mesoporous γ-Al2O3 Powders, and Study Their Adsorption Efficiency for Congo Red (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-04
    Description: Mesoporous γ- Al 2 O 3 powders with nanofiber and nanorod-like structures were synthesized using boehmite sols in the presence of triblock copolymer, P123 in ethanol by solvothermal process at different temparatures (100°C–165°C) followed by calcination at 400°C–1000°C. The powders were characterized by low- and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), N 2 adsorption–desorption, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The adsorption efficiency of the powders with Congo red (CR) was studied by UV–vis spectroscopy. The γ- Al 2 O 3 phase became stable up to 1000°C. The nanorods obtained at 165°C had narrower pore size distribution (PSD) than nanofibers synthesized at 100°C, the former showed higher CR adsorption efficiency. The stepwise growth mechanism of nanofibers to nanorods conversion with increase in solvothermal temperatures was illustrated.
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
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    Preparation of NaA Zeolite Membranes Using Poly(Ethyleneimine) as Buffer Layer, and Study of Their Permeation Behavior (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-17
    Description: Zeolite Na A membranes were prepared hydrothermally by secondary crystallization process at different temperatures (55°C–75°C) on porous α-alumina-based support tubes (inner side) precoated with poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) buffer layer and Na A seed particles. The Na A seed crystals synthesized at 65°C/2 h in the size range 100–200 nm having BET surface area of 71.57 m 2 g −1 were used for secondary crystallization of the membranes. The secondary crystallization at 65°C for (4 + 4) h (double-stage) showed highly dense Na A grains in the microstructure of the membrane with a thickness of 5 μm. It rendered the permeance values of 50.6 × 10 −8 , 2.47 × 10 −8 , and 0.55 × 10 −8  molm −2 s −1 Pa −1 for H 2 , N 2 , and CO 2 , respectively, with their permselectivity of 20.48 ( H 2 / N 2 ), 92 ( H 2 / CO 2 ), and 4.49 ( N 2 / CO 2 ). A tentative mechanism was illustrated for the interaction of PEI with the support substrate and Na A seed crystals.
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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