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  • 1
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    ECOLOGY: Louisiana's Vanishing Wetlands: Going, Going (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: An ambitious $14 billion plan known as Coast 2050 attempts to protect more than 10,000 square kilometers of Louisiana's wetlands, which are disappearing at a rate of up to 90 square kilometers per year, one of the highest rates of land loss in the world. But a number of unanswered scientific questions swirl around the plan. And it could run afoul of powerful interests in the shipping, petroleum, and fishing industries.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bourne, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 15;289(5486):1860-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17839927" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Online education today (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-03
    Description: Online education is established, growing, and here to stay. It is creating new opportunities for students and also for faculty, regulators of education, and the educational institutions themselves. Much of what is being learned by the practitioners will flow into the large numbers of blended courses that will be developed and delivered on most campuses. Some of what is being learned will certainly improve pedagogical approaches and possibly affect other important problems, such as the lengthening time to completion of a degree. Online education is already providing better access to education for many, and many more will benefit from this increased access in the coming years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayadas, A Frank -- Bourne, John -- Bacsich, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):85-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1168874.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 630 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10111, USA. mayadas@sloan.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19119225" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Computer-Assisted Instruction/economics ; *Education, Distance/economics ; Faculty ; Federal Government ; Humans ; *Internet ; Online Systems ; State Government ; Students ; Training Support ; United States ; *Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Germinal center antibody mutation trajectories are determined by rapid self/foreign discrimination (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-13
    Description: Antibodies have the specificity to differentiate foreign antigens that mimic self antigens, but it remains unclear how such specificity is acquired. In a mouse model, we generated B cells displaying an antibody that cross-reacts with two related protein antigens expressed on self versus foreign cells. B cell anergy was imposed by self antigen but reversed upon challenge with high-density foreign antigen, leading to germinal center recruitment and antibody gene hypermutation. Single-cell analysis detected rapid selection for mutations that decrease self affinity and slower selection for epistatic mutations that specifically increase foreign affinity. Crystal structures revealed that these mutations exploited subtle topological differences to achieve 5000-fold preferential binding to foreign over self epitopes. Resolution of antigenic mimicry drove the optimal affinity maturation trajectory, highlighting the value of retaining self-reactive clones as substrates for protective antibody responses.
    Keywords: Cell Biology, Immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymatic Whey Hydrolysis in the Pilot Plant “Lactohyd” (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Company
    Nature biotechnology 2 (1984), S. 441-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] The problem of whey disposal or its meaningful utilization has plagued the dairy industry for many decades. In some countries, like Switzerland and Norway, where the art of cheese making in small plants still prevails, whey is disposed of locally by pig-feeding or by manufacture of whey cheese. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0584-441
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental Methods for On–Line Mass Spectrometry in Fermentation Technology * (1983)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Company
    Nature biotechnology 1 (1983), S. 181-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] It is shown here how mass spectrometry (MS) can be used for on–line data acquisition in fermentation. MS was applied in this work to analyze gas and liquid phases. Gas phase analysis allows fast and accurate measurement of all gases of interest (O2, N2, CO2, Ar, He etc.). Liquid phase ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0483-181
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of striation thickness from impingement mixers in reaction injection molding (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 556-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The striation thickness distribution developed in an impingment T-mixer is predicted using the statistical theory of turbulent diffusion. The predicted distribution is independent of the mixing nozzle Reynolds number, in agreement with some experiments, and is primarily a function of the mixing head geometry, the ratio of the reagent flow rates and the residence time distribution of the flow in the mixing head. Mixing is described as the result of fluid deformation in the intertial subrange of turbulent flow. The relationship of deformation to time and energy dissipation rate ∊ is examined. In the impingement T-mixer ∊ is related to the kinetic energies of the streams entering and leaving the head. (There are no surface tension effects and pressure is relatively uniform in the mixing head, so that the kinetic energy is dissipated by viscous forces.) The distribution of residence times of fluid elements in the T-mixer is responsible for varying degrees of deformation and hence a distribution of striation thickness. This residence time distribution does not seem to have been studied and the flow pattern was thus modeled as perfect macromixing, having an exponential distribution. The procedure developed in this paper to calculate the distribution of striation thickness allows reasonable estimates of its parameters from fluid mechanical information and showed good agreement with experimental values, without having to fit any quantities. This new approach to striation thickness distribution is worth further evaluation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231005
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laminar shear mixing in reaction injection molding (1985)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 25 (1985), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Turbulent flow in the impingement mixing head of a reactions injection molding machine produces a laminated mixture, whose striations are mostly so thick that any subsequent copolymerization would be hindered by diffusion. However, further reduction in striation thickness occurs during laminar flow through the runner. This is calculated here and is a function of the radial position in the runner and of its length/diameter ratio. So, for example, when L/D = 10, it is predicted that at least 79 percent of, the reagent striations would be thin enough to permit reaction under kinetically controlled conditions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760250102
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of dynamic oxygen electrode methods for the measurement of KLa (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 277-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dynamic oxygen electrode method for measuring KLa requires the use of a dynamic process model. Six models from the literature are described and compared with respect to their accuracy and ease of use. It is shown theoretically that for sufficient accuracy KLa should be less than the inverse electrode response time. Experimental measurements demonstrate their application to viscous and nonviscous systems. The liquid diffusion film is shown to cause an important measurement lag that can be accounted for by a first-order time delay. Investigation on the influence of the experimental starting conditions show the importance of the gas and hold-up dynamics. A new method is proposed to simplify the KLa calculation and to eliminate errors caused by starting conditions. This method, which accounts for gas, film, and electrode dynamical effects, requires only a simple semilog plot of the response data.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230204
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activated-sludge process dynamics with continuous total organic carbon and oxygen uptake measurements (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1561-1577 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dynamic responses of a bench-scale activated-sludge process to step changes and square-wave inputs in the feed flow and concentration were measured. Instrumentation permitted the continuous measurement of the oxygen uptake rate and dissolved organic carbon responses. Notable were the sensitivity of the oxygen uptake rate to process changes and the reliability of the dynamic oxygen electrode method. The responses were found to be greatly influenced by the organic loading, FS0/XV, which was incorporated into a load-dependent kinetics model. Simulations showd good agreement with experiment in the case of the square-wave disturbances. Because of the changing and complex nature of the activated sludge it was necessary to reestimate the parameter set for each run.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210906
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of oligosaccharides during enzymatic lactose hydrolysis and their importance in a whey hydrolysis process: Part II: Experimental (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 30 (1987), S. 1026-1031 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzymatic lactose hydrolysis using two yeast and two fungal lactases that are of current technical interest was studied. The enzymes were compared regarding their oligosaccharide production. Parameters influencing oligosaccharide formation, together with the effect of immobilization were examined and conditions minimizing oligosaccharide content in the hydrolysis product were proposed. Enzymatic whey hydrolysis was also considered. A possibility of enzymatic lactose recombination from its hydrolysis products was shown.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260300905
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