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  • 1
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    The Miocene Galapagos ash layer record of Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Legs 334 and 344: Ocean-island explosive volcanism during plume-ridge interaction (2015)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-23
    Description: Drilling at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1381 on the Cocos Ridge offshore Costa Rica recovered 67 primary Miocene (ca. 8 Ma to ca. 16.5 Ma) marine fallout ash layers. Geochemical, volcanological, and geological criteria link these ashes to Plinian eruptions that carried ash to at least 50–450 km from the Galápagos hotspot. These ash layers are the first documentation of highly explosive Miocene Galápagos hotspot volcanism. This volcanism is bimodal with two-thirds of the tephra layers generated by basaltic magmas (glass compositions 〈57 wt% SiO 2 ) and one-third by rhyolitic magmas. The temporal distribution of the tephra layers, inferred from sediment accumulation rates calibrated by 40 Ar/ 39 Ar and biostratigraphic ages, reveals a distinct increase in eruption frequency and hence increased volcanic activity of the Galápagos hotspot after 14 Ma which we interpret in the context of dynamic interaction between the Galápagos plume and spreading ridge.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 2
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    Energy growth in laharic mass flows (2012)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-01
    Description: Lahars, debris flows, and sediment-rich floods are frequent and deadly hazards at all mountain-forming volcanoes. Their hazard potential is traditionally assessed through mass-conserving closed-system models, where peak conversion rates of potential energy to mechanical energy and hence maximum destruction potential are predicted to occur on the steepest volcano flanks. This belies evidence of extremely high-energy and deadly catastrophes caused by such flows at large distances from volcanoes. Here we use the first high-resolution record of a moving lahar to develop a new model of the temporally and spatially variable mass-flow structure. We show that bulk flow energy can grow dramatically in such systems over tens to hundreds of kilometers via momentum transfers from the lahar into water and particles along its path. We also demonstrate that dynamic transformations of such flows and their ultimate runout are primarily controlled by the mass flow front.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 3
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    Regulation of an ATG7-beclin 1 program of autophagic cell death by caspase-8 (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-08
    Description: Caspases play a central role in apoptosis, a well-studied pathway of programmed cell death. Other programs of death potentially involving necrosis and autophagy may exist, but their relation to apoptosis and mechanisms of regulation remains unclear. We define a new molecular pathway in which activation of the receptor-interacting protein (a serine-threonine kinase) and Jun amino-terminal kinase induced cell death with the morphology of autophagy. Autophagic death required the genes ATG7 and beclin 1 and was induced by caspase-8 inhibition. Clinical therapies involving caspase inhibitors may arrest apoptosis but also have the unanticipated effect of promoting autophagic cell death.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yu, Li -- Alva, Ajjai -- Su, Helen -- Dutt, Parmesh -- Freundt, Eric -- Welsh, Sarah -- Baehrecke, Eric H -- Lenardo, Michael J -- GM59136/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 4;304(5676):1500-2. Epub 2004 May 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15131264" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones/pharmacology ; Animals ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; *Autophagy ; Caspase 8 ; *Caspase Inhibitors ; Caspases/genetics/*metabolism ; *Cell Death ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; MAP Kinase Kinase 7 ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA Interference ; Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Combined bromine and chlorine release from large explosive volcanic eruptions: A threat to stratospheric ozone? (2013)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-21
    Description: Large explosive volcanic eruptions inject gases, aerosols, and fine ashes into the stratosphere, potentially influencing climate. Emissions of chlorine (Cl) and bromine (Br) from such large eruptions play an important role for catalytic destruction of ozone in the stratosphere, but hitherto the global effects of simultaneous catastrophic release of volcanic Br and Cl into the stratosphere have not been investigated. The Br release from 14 large explosive eruptions throughout Nicaragua covering an entire subduction zone segment in the past 70 ka was determined with petrologic methods. Melt inclusions in volcanic phenocrysts were analyzed using a new optimized synchrotron–X-ray fluorescence microprobe set-up. Single eruptions produced Br outputs of 4–600 kt, giving an average Br emission of 27 kt per eruption. Using the assumption that 10% of the emitted halogens reach the stratosphere, the average Br and Cl loading to the stratosphere would be 3 ppt and 1500 ppt, respectively, which together would account for 185% of the preindustrial equivalent effective stratospheric Cl loading. We thus conclude that many large tropical volcanic eruptions had and have the potential to substantially deplete ozone on a global scale, eventually forming future ozone holes.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 5
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    Hayflick-NIH Settlement (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strehler, B L -- Abraham, S -- Bayreuther, K -- Bienenstock, A -- Binstock, R -- Birren, J -- Blumenthal, H T -- Brautbar, C -- Brody, E M -- Brody, H -- Comfort, A -- Cottle, R W -- Danielli, J F -- Danon, D -- Datan, N -- Ebbesen, P -- Elsen, A -- Freundt, E A -- Gallop, P M -- Girardi, A J -- Glenn, P F -- Goheen, J D -- Goldstein, S -- Good, R A -- Goodlin, R C -- Granoff, A -- Gray, A -- Haber, P A -- Hamparian, V V -- Hijmans, W -- Holliday, R -- Horvath, S M -- Houck, J C -- Huebner, R J -- Itoh, H -- Jukes, T -- Kaplan, H S -- Kirkman, H -- Kuwert, E -- Leiderman, P H -- Liss, A -- Litwin, J -- Lubin, B -- Macieira-Coelho, A -- Madoff, S -- Maletta, G J -- Maramorosch, K -- Martin, G M -- Masover, G -- Matsumura, T -- Medvedev, Z -- Melnick, J L -- Merchant, D J -- Namba, M -- Neter, E -- Neugarten, B -- Orgel, L -- Outschoorn, A S -- Pace, D M -- Packer, L -- Parker, J C -- Patterson, M D Jr -- Pollard, M -- Portnuff, J -- Razin, S -- Reiff, T R -- Robert, L -- Rockstein, M -- Rosamoff, H -- Rosanoff, E I -- Rottem, S -- Schachter, J -- Schwartz, H -- Shanas, E -- Shimkin, M B -- Smith, J R -- Somerson, N L -- Stinebring, W -- Textor, R -- Thomas, L -- Viidik, A -- Weg, R -- Yabrov, A -- Yanofsky, C -- Zatz, L M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Jan 15;215(4530):240-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17784330" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    A detection of Milankovitch frequencies in global volcanic activity (2013)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-30
    Description: A rigorous detection of Milankovitch periodicities in volcanic output across the Pleistocene-Holocene ice age has remained elusive. We report on a spectral analysis of a large number of well-preserved ash plume deposits recorded in marine sediments along the Pacific Ring of Fire. Our analysis yields a statistically significant detection of a spectral peak at the obliquity period. We propose that this variability in volcanic activity results from crustal stress changes associated with ice age mass redistribution. In particular, increased volcanism lags behind the highest rate of increasing eustatic sea level (decreasing global ice volume) by 4.0 ± 3.6 k.y. and correlates with numerical predictions of stress changes at volcanically active sites. These results support the presence of a causal link between variations in ice age climate, continental stress field, and volcanism.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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