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  • 1
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    Decadal-scale shifts in soil hydraulic properties as induced by altered precipitation (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Soil hydraulic properties influence the partitioning of rainfall into infiltration versus runoff, determine plant-available water, and constrain evapotranspiration. Although rapid changes in soil hydraulic properties from direct human disturbance are well documented, climate change may also induce such shifts on decadal time scales. Using soils from a 25-year precipitation manipulation experiment, we found that a 35% increase in water inputs substantially reduced infiltration rates and modestly increased water retention. We posit that these shifts were catalyzed by greater pore blockage by plant roots and reduced shrink-swell cycles. Given that precipitation regimes are expected to change at accelerating rates globally, shifts in soil structure could occur over broad regions more rapidly than expected and thus alter water storage and movement in numerous terrestrial ecosystems.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Use of Oceanic Reanalysis to Improve Estimates of Extreme Storm Surge (2019)
    American Meteorological Society (AMS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Ahead of Print. 〈br/〉
    Print ISSN: 0739-0572
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0426
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society (AMS)
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  • 3
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    Motivating the adoption of new community-minded behaviors: An empirical test in Nigeria (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Social scientists have long sought to explain why people donate resources for the good of a community. Less attention has been paid to the difficult task of motivating the first adopters of these important behaviors. In a field experiment in Nigeria, we tested two campaigns that encouraged people to try reporting corruption by text message. Psychological theories about how to shift perceived norms and how to reduce barriers to action drove the design of each campaign. The first, a film featuring actors reporting corruption, and the second, a mass text message reducing the effort required to report, caused a total of 1181 people in 106 communities to text, including 241 people who sent concrete corruption reports. Psychological theories of social norms and behavior change can illuminate the early stages of the evolution of cooperation and collective action, when adoption is still relatively rare.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Modulation of diversity by grazing and mowing in native tallgrass prairie (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-13
    Description: Species diversity has declined in ecosystems worldwide as a result of habitat fragmentation, eutrophication, and land-use change. If such decline is to be halted ecological mechanisms that restore or maintain biodiversity are needed. Two long-term field experiments were performed in native grassland to assess the effects of fire, nitrogen addition, and grazing or mowing on plant species diversity. In one experiment, richness declined on burned and fertilized treatments, whereas mowing maintained diversity under these conditions. In the second experiment, loss of species diversity due to frequent burning was reversed by bison, a keystone herbivore in North American grasslands. Thus, mowing or the reestablishment of grazing in anthropogenically stressed grasslands enhanced biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Collins -- Knapp -- riggs -- Blair -- Steinauer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 1;280(5364):745-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉S. L. Collins, Division of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA 22230, USA. A. K. Knapp, J. M. Briggs, J. M. Blair, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA. E. M. Steinauer, Department of.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9563952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Complete genome sequence of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain MC58 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-10
    Description: The 2,272,351-base pair genome of Neisseria meningitidis strain MC58 (serogroup B), a causative agent of meningitis and septicemia, contains 2158 predicted coding regions, 1158 (53.7%) of which were assigned a biological role. Three major islands of horizontal DNA transfer were identified; two of these contain genes encoding proteins involved in pathogenicity, and the third island contains coding sequences only for hypothetical proteins. Insights into the commensal and virulence behavior of N. meningitidis can be gleaned from the genome, in which sequences for structural proteins of the pilus are clustered and several coding regions unique to serogroup B capsular polysaccharide synthesis can be identified. Finally, N. meningitidis contains more genes that undergo phase variation than any pathogen studied to date, a mechanism that controls their expression and contributes to the evasion of the host immune system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tettelin, H -- Saunders, N J -- Heidelberg, J -- Jeffries, A C -- Nelson, K E -- Eisen, J A -- Ketchum, K A -- Hood, D W -- Peden, J F -- Dodson, R J -- Nelson, W C -- Gwinn, M L -- DeBoy, R -- Peterson, J D -- Hickey, E K -- Haft, D H -- Salzberg, S L -- White, O -- Fleischmann, R D -- Dougherty, B A -- Mason, T -- Ciecko, A -- Parksey, D S -- Blair, E -- Cittone, H -- Clark, E B -- Cotton, M D -- Utterback, T R -- Khouri, H -- Qin, H -- Vamathevan, J -- Gill, J -- Scarlato, V -- Masignani, V -- Pizza, M -- Grandi, G -- Sun, L -- Smith, H O -- Fraser, C M -- Moxon, E R -- Rappuoli, R -- Venter, J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 10;287(5459):1809-15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10710307" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigenic Variation ; Antigens, Bacterial/immunology ; Bacteremia/microbiology ; Bacterial Capsules/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/physiology ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fimbriae, Bacterial/genetics ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Humans ; Meningitis, Meningococcal/microbiology ; Meningococcal Infections/microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Neisseria meningitidis/classification/*genetics/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Open Reading Frames ; Operon ; Phylogeny ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Serotyping ; Transformation, Bacterial ; Virulence/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Identification of vaccine candidates against serogroup B meningococcus by whole-genome sequencing (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-10
    Description: Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause of bacterial septicemia and meningitis. Sequence variation of surface-exposed proteins and cross-reactivity of the serogroup B capsular polysaccharide with human tissues have hampered efforts to develop a successful vaccine. To overcome these obstacles, the entire genome sequence of a virulent serogroup B strain (MC58) was used to identify vaccine candidates. A total of 350 candidate antigens were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and used to immunize mice. The sera allowed the identification of proteins that are surface exposed, that are conserved in sequence across a range of strains, and that induce a bactericidal antibody response, a property known to correlate with vaccine efficacy in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pizza, M -- Scarlato, V -- Masignani, V -- Giuliani, M M -- Arico, B -- Comanducci, M -- Jennings, G T -- Baldi, L -- Bartolini, E -- Capecchi, B -- Galeotti, C L -- Luzzi, E -- Manetti, R -- Marchetti, E -- Mora, M -- Nuti, S -- Ratti, G -- Santini, L -- Savino, S -- Scarselli, M -- Storni, E -- Zuo, P -- Broeker, M -- Hundt, E -- Knapp, B -- Blair, E -- Mason, T -- Tettelin, H -- Hood, D W -- Jeffries, A C -- Saunders, N J -- Granoff, D M -- Venter, J C -- Moxon, E R -- Grandi, G -- Rappuoli, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 10;287(5459):1816-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉IRIS, Chiron S.p.A., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10710308" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis/blood ; Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics/*immunology ; Antigens, Surface/chemistry/genetics/immunology ; Bacterial Capsules ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*immunology ; *Bacterial Vaccines/genetics/immunology ; Conserved Sequence ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Humans ; Immune Sera/immunology ; Mice ; Neisseria meningitidis/classification/*genetics/*immunology/pathogenicity ; Open Reading Frames ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/immunology/isolation & purification ; Recombination, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Serotyping ; Vaccination ; Virulence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Vitamin C-induced decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides to endogenous genotoxins (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-16
    Description: Epidemiological data suggest that dietary antioxidants play a protective role against cancer. This has led to the proposal that dietary supplementation with antioxidants such as vitamin C (vit C) may be useful in disease prevention. However, vit C has proved to be ineffective in cancer chemoprevention studies. In addition, concerns have been raised over potentially deleterious transition metal ion-mediated pro-oxidant effects. We have now determined that vit C induces lipid hydroperoxide decomposition to the DNA-reactive bifunctional electrophiles 4-oxo-2-nonenal, 4,5-epoxy-2(E)-decenal, and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. The compound 4,5-Epoxy-2(E)-decenal is a precursor of etheno-2'-deoxyadenosine, a highly mutagenic lesion found in human DNA. Vitamin C-mediated formation of genotoxins from lipid hydroperoxides in the absence of transition metal ions could help explain its lack of efficacy as a cancer chemoprevention agent.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, S H -- Oe, T -- Blair, I A -- CA16520/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA65878/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 15;292(5524):2083-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Cancer Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, 1254 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11408659" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aldehydes/chemistry/metabolism ; Antioxidants/chemistry ; Ascorbic Acid/adverse effects/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Buffers ; Copper/pharmacology ; Cyclooxygenase 1 ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; DNA Adducts/chemistry/metabolism ; DNA Damage ; Epoxy Compounds/chemistry/metabolism ; Ferrous Compounds/pharmacology ; Humans ; Isoenzymes/metabolism ; Linoleic Acids/*chemistry/metabolism ; Lipid Peroxides/*chemistry/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins ; Metals/pharmacology ; Mutagens/*chemistry/metabolism ; Oxidants/adverse effects/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Reorganization of retinotopic cortical maps in adult mammals after lesions of the retina (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-04-13
    Description: The organization of the visual cortex has been considered to be highly stable in adult mammals. However, 5 degrees to 10 degrees lesions of the retina in the contralateral eye markedly altered the systematic representations of the retina in primary and secondary visual cortex when matched inputs from the ipsilateral eye were also removed. Cortical neurons that normally have receptive fields in the lesioned region of the retina acquired new receptive fields in portions of the retina surrounding the lesions. The capacity for such changes may be important for normal adjustments of sensory systems to environmental contingencies and for recoveries from brain damage.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaas, J H -- Krubitzer, L A -- Chino, Y M -- Langston, A L -- Polley, E H -- Blair, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Apr 13;248(4952):229-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2326637" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Afferent Pathways/physiology ; Animals ; Cats ; Functional Laterality ; Neurons/physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Retina/*physiology ; Somatosensory Cortex/physiology ; Visual Cortex/anatomy & histology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Bacterial origin of a chloroplast intron: conserved self-splicing group I introns in cyanobacteria (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-12-14
    Description: A self-splicing group I intron has been found in the gene for a leucine transfer RNA in two species of Anabaena, a filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium. The intron is similar to one that is found at the identical position in the same transfer RNA gene of chloroplasts of land plants. Because cyanobacteria were the progenitors of chloroplasts, it is likely that group I introns predated the endosymbiotic association of these eubacteria with eukaryotic cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, M Q -- Kathe, S D -- Goodrich-Blair, H -- Nierzwicki-Bauer, S A -- Shub, D A -- GM37746/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 14;250(4987):1566-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Albany 12222.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2125747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; Chloroplasts/*metabolism ; Cyanobacteria/*genetics ; DNA/genetics/metabolism ; Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI/metabolism ; Deoxyribonuclease HindIII/metabolism ; Introns/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Transfer, Leu/*genetics ; Restriction Mapping ; Tetrahymena/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Food web-specific biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-07-14
    Description: Substances that accumulate to hazardous levels in living organisms pose environmental and human-health risks, which governments seek to reduce or eliminate. Regulatory authorities identify bioaccumulative substances as hydrophobic, fat-soluble chemicals having high octanol-water partition coefficients (K(OW))(〉/=100,000). Here we show that poorly metabolizable, moderately hydrophobic substances with a K(OW) between 100 and 100,000, which do not biomagnify (that is, increase in chemical concentration in organisms with increasing trophic level) in aquatic food webs, can biomagnify to a high degree in food webs containing air-breathing animals (including humans) because of their high octanol-air partition coefficient (K(OA)) and corresponding low rate of respiratory elimination to air. These low K(OW)-high K(OA) chemicals, representing a third of organic chemicals in commercial use, constitute an unidentified class of potentially bioaccumulative substances that require regulatory assessment to prevent possible ecosystem and human-health consequences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kelly, Barry C -- Ikonomou, Michael G -- Blair, Joel D -- Morin, Anne E -- Gobas, Frank A P C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jul 13;317(5835):236-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17626882" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Canada ; Environmental Pollutants/*analysis/pharmacokinetics ; Fishes/metabolism ; *Food Chain ; Humans ; Hydrocarbons/*analysis/pharmacokinetics ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Invertebrates/*metabolism ; Mammals/*metabolism ; Respiration ; Vertebrates/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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