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  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (19)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (13)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (5)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2015-03-27
    Description: In this work, we use an electron-selective titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) heterojunction contact to silicon to block minority carrier holes in the silicon from recombining at the cathode contact of a silicon-based photovoltaic device. We present four pieces of evidence demonstrating the beneficial effect of adding the TiO 2 hole-blocking layer: reduced dark current, increased open circuit voltage (V OC ), increased quantum efficiency at longer wavelengths, and increased stored minority carrier charge under forward bias. The importance of a low rate of recombination of minority carriers at the Si/TiO 2 interface for effective blocking of minority carriers is quantitatively described. The anode is made of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) heterojunction to silicon which forms a hole selective contact, so that the entire device is made at a maximum temperature of 100 °C, with no doping gradients or junctions in the silicon. A low rate of recombination of minority carriers at the Si/TiO 2 interface is crucial for effective blocking of minority carriers. Such a pair of complementary carrier-selective heterojunctions offers a path towards high-efficiency silicon solar cells using relatively simple and near-room temperature fabrication techniques.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2014-12-23
    Description: The visible spectrum of H 3 + is studied using high-sensitivity action spectroscopy in a cryogenic radiofrequency multipole trap. Advances are made to measure the weak ro-vibrational transitions from the lowest rotational states of H 3 + up to high excitation energies providing visible line intensities and, after normalisation to an infrared calibration line, the corresponding Einstein B coefficients. Ab initio predictions for the Einstein B coefficients are obtained from a highly precise dipole moment surface of H 3 + and found to be in excellent agreement, even in the region where states have been classified as chaotic.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9606
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7690
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1991-12-06
    Description: A polyamide nucleic acid (PNA) was designed by detaching the deoxyribose phosphate backbone of DNA in a computer model and replacing it with an achiral polyamide backbone. On the basis of this model, oligomers consisting of thymine-linked aminoethylglycyl units were prepared. These oligomers recognize their complementary target in double-stranded DNA by strand displacement. The displacement is made possible by the extraordinarily high stability of the PNA-DNA hybrids. The results show that the backbone of DNA can be replaced by a polyamide, with the resulting oligomer retaining base-specific hybridization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nielsen, P E -- Egholm, M -- Berg, R H -- Buchardt, O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 6;254(5037):1497-500.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry B, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1962210" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; Nylons/*chemistry ; Oligonucleotides/*chemistry ; Photochemistry ; Thermodynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2017-08-24
    Description: Arsenic-contaminated aquifers are currently estimated to affect ~150 million people around the world. However, the full extent of the problem remains elusive. This is also the case in Pakistan, where previous studies focused on isolated areas. Using a new data set of nearly 1200 groundwater quality samples throughout Pakistan, we have created state-of-the-art hazard and risk maps of arsenic-contaminated groundwater for thresholds of 10 and 50 μg/liter. Logistic regression analysis was used with 1000 iterations, where surface slope, geology, and soil parameters were major predictor variables. The hazard model indicates that much of the Indus Plain is likely to have elevated arsenic concentrations, although the rest of the country is mostly safe. Unlike other arsenic-contaminated areas of Asia, the arsenic release process in the arid Indus Plain appears to be dominated by elevated-pH dissolution, resulting from alkaline topsoil and extensive irrigation of unconfined aquifers, although pockets of reductive dissolution are also present. We estimate that approximately 50 million to 60 million people use groundwater within the area at risk, with hot spots around Lahore and Hyderabad. This number is alarmingly high and demonstrates the urgent need for verification and testing of all drinking water wells in the Indus Plain, followed by appropriate mitigation measures.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1987-09-04
    Description: The lower continental crust is one of the least known variables in the crust-mantle evolutionary equation. In order to study the nature and compositional heterogeneity of the lower crust, more than 20 inclusions of lower crustal granulites in volcanic rocks from the McMurdo Sound region of Antarctica were analyzed for strontium and oxygen isotopes. These inclusions were erupted from volcanic centers covering an area of 12,000 square kilometers. Along with results from analyses of major and trace elements, the isotopic data reveal a profound discontinuity in the composition and probably the age of the lower crust that coincides with the boundary between the Transantarctic Mountains and the Ross Embayment. Although this topographic boundary between East and West Antarctica is largely a Cenozoic development, which apparently reflects a simple subvertical faulting relationship due to crustal rifting, the isotopic differences in the lower crust across the boundary suggest that the current faulting and rifting may coincide with an older crustal suture, the age of which is uncertain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kalamarides, R I -- Berg, J H -- Hank, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 Sep 4;237(4819):1192-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17801643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 92 (1990), S. 5454-5462 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New experimental data are presented for the thermal conductivity of ethane. The thermal conductivity has been measured with a parallel-plate method as a function of temperature along eleven different isochores so as to obtain detailed information on the enhancement of the thermal conductivity in the critical region. The experimental results appear to be consistent with a recently proposed theoretical equation that accounts for both the asymptotic and nonasymptotic critical behavior of the thermal conductivity of fluids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 101 (1994), S. 6944-6963 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have measured the thermal conductivity of argon at temperatures from 302 K down to 150.8 K and at densities up to 25 mol L−1. The data were obtained with a steady-state method and we employed a guarded parallel-plate apparatus designed especially for investigating the thermal conductivity of fluids in the critical region. To interpret the data in the critical region a scaled crossover equation of state for argon in the critical region has been constructed. Equations for the thermal conductivity and viscosity of argon as a function of density and temperature are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 3466-3474 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A description is given of the construction and operating procedure of a parallel-plate apparatus for the measurement of the thermal conductivity coefficient of fluids. This instrument can be operated at pressures up to 150 MPa and at temperatures down to 77 K. The use of platinum resistance temperature sensors allows measurements with temperature differences between upper and lower plate as small as 1 mK, which together with the small plate separation of 155 μm, makes the instrument suitable for both the normal fluid region as well as for the region very close to the critical point. The complete working equations for the instrument are presented and evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 105 (1996), S. 10535-10555 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have measured the thermal conductivity of methane at temperatures from 308 K down to 190.585 K, which is just 21 mK above the critical temperature, and at densities up to 14 mol L−1. The data were obtained with an improved guarded parallel-plate cell with a new cryostat that was built especially for measurements in the critical region of methane. The new experimental data have a higher accuracy than those reported previously in the literature and enable us to examine the validity of the currently available theoretical description of the asymptotic and nonasymptotic behavior of the thermal conductivity of fluids in the critical region. Equations for the thermal conductivity of methane in a wide range of temperatures and densities are also presented. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 109 (1998), S. 717-736 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have measured the thermal conductivity of an equimolar mixture of methane and ethane in the vicinity of the critical point. The new experimental data confirm that the thermal conductivity of a mixture does not diverge at the critical point but crosses over to a finite limiting behavior at the critical point. A quantitative representation of the thermal-conductivity data has been obtained in terms of a recently developed extension of the mode-coupling theory that incorporates the crossover between the behavior of the thermal conductivity close to and far away from the critical point. The same theory enables us also to predict other transport properties of the mixture in the vicinity of the critical point. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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