ALBERT

Note: Contents Part I Rationale for Soil Security 1 Soil Security: A Rationale / Alex B. McBratney, Damien J. Field, Cristine L.S. Morgan, and Lorna E. Jarrett 2 Soil Security: Dimensions / Damien J. Field Part II Capability 3 Soil Capability: Exploring the Functional Potentials of Soils / Johan Bouma, M.K. van Ittersum, J.J. Stoorvogel, N.H. Batjes, P. Droogers, and M.M. Pulleman 4 Distinguishing Between Capability and Condition / Damien J. Field and T. Sanderson 5 Valuing of Soil Capability in Land Surface Modeling / Cristine L.S. Morgan, Yohannes T. Yimam, Michael Barlage, David Gochis, and Bright Dornblaser 6 Soil Capability for the USA Now and into the Future / Maxine J. Levin, R. Dobos, S. Peaslee, D.W. Smith, and C. Seybold 7 Quantifying Capability: GlobalSoilMap / Alex B. McBratney, Dominique Arrouays, and Lorna E. Jarrett 8 Testing the Links Between Soil Security, Sustainable Land Management Practices and Land Evaluation / Brian Murphy Part III Condition 9 General Concepts of Valuing and Caring for Soil / Alex B. McBratney, Damien J. Field, and Lorna E. Jarrett 10 Soil Health: Challenges and Opportunities / Diane E. Stott and Bianca N. Moebius-Clune 11 Using Soil Survey to Assess and Predict Soil Condition and Change / Skye Wills, Candiss Williams, C. Seybold, Linda Scheffe, Zamir Libohova, David Hoover, Curtis Talbot, and Joel Brown 12 Root-Microbe Interactions in Response to Soil Conditions / Anil Somenahally 13 Securing Our Soil in Intensive Monoculture Cropping Systems / Katie L. Lewis, Paul DeLaune, and Wayne Keeling 14 Soil Organic Carbon Stocks and Soil Respiration in Tropical Secondary Forests in Southern Mexico / Deb Raj Aryal, Bernardus Hendricus Joseph De Jong, Jorge Mendoza-Vega, Susana Ochoa-Gaona, and Ligia Esparza-Olguín 15 Simulating Impacts of Bioenergy Sorghum Residue Return on Soil Organic Carbon and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Using the DAYCENT Model / Yong Wang, Fugen Dou, Joseph O. Storlien, Jason P. Wight, Keith H. Paustian, Stephen J. Del Grosso, and Frank M. Hons 16 Cover Crops for Enriching Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Under Bioenergy Sorghum / Upendra M. Sainju, H.P. Singh, and B.P. Singh Part IV Capital 17 Economics, Energy, Climate Change, and Soil Security / Bruce A. McCarl 18 Understanding Soils’ Contribution to Ecosystem Services Provision to Inform Farm System Analysis / Estelle Dominati, A. Mackay, and J. Rendel 19 The Dollars and Cents of Soil Health / Charles M. Benbrook 20 The Value of Soil’s Contributions to Ecosystem Services / Alex B. McBratney, Cristine L.S. Morgan, and Lorna E. Jarrett 21 Economics of Land Degradation to Estimate Capital Value of Soil in Eurasia / Pavel Krasilnikov, Alexey Sorokin, Alisher Mirzabaev, Oleg Makarov, Anton Strokov, and Sergey Kiselev 22 Social Licensing to Secure Soil / Cristine L.S. Morgan, Gaylon D. Morgan, and Dianna Bagnall Part V Connectivity 23 Soil Renaissance and the Connection to Land Managers / Bill Buckner 24 Links Between Soil Security and the Influence of Soil on Human Health / Eric C. Brevik, Joshua J. Steffan, Lynn C. Burgess, and Artemi Cerdà 25 Soil Contamination and Human Health: A Major Challenge for Global Soil Security / Florence Carré, Julien Caudeville, Roseline Bonnard, Valérie Bert, Pierre Boucard, and Martine Ramel 26 The Measurement of Soil Security in Terms of Human Health: Examples and Ideas / Sung Chul Kim, Kyung Jae Lim, and Jae E. Yang 27 The Meta Soil Model: An Integrative Multi- model Framework for Soil Security / Sabine Grunwald, Katsutoshi Mizuta, Marcos B. Ceddia, Érika F.M. Pinheiro, R. Kay Kastner Wilcox, Carla P. Gavilan, C. Wade Ross, and Christopher M. Clingensmith 28 Integrating New Perspectives to Address Global Soil Security: Ideas from Integral Ecology / Sabine Grunwald, Christopher M. Clingensmith, Carla P. Gavilan, Katsutoshi Mizuta, R. Kay Kastner Wilcox, Érika F.M. Pinheiro, Marcos B. Ceddia, and C. Wade Ross 29 Applying the Meta Soil Model: The Complexities of Soil and Water Security in a Permanent Protection Area in Brazil / Marcos B. Ceddia, Sabine Grunwald, Érika F.M. Pinheiro, Katsutoshi Mizuta, Christopher M. Clingensmith, and Milton Marques Fernandes 30 Bridging the Research Management Gap to Restore Ecosystem Function and Social Resilience / W. Richard Teague 31 Engendering Connectivity to Soil Through Aesthetics / Richard J. MacEwan, Ayesha S.A. MacEwan, and Alexandra R. Toland 32 The Role of Master Gardeners in Providing Horticulture Education to Marion County, Florida, Residents / Josephine Leyte-Vidal Part VI Codification 33 Soil-Water-Food Nexus: A Public Opinion and Policy Perspective / Kent E. Portney 34 Whose Security is Important? Communicating Environmental Risk About Soil to a Diverse Audience / Ronald Amundson 35 Save our Soil to Save the Planet / Michael Jeffrey and Hayley Achurch 36 Protection of the Soil Resource in the Brazilian Environmental Legislation / Carlos Gustavo Tornquist and Tiago Broetto 37 Creating Incentives to Improve Soil Health Through the Federal Crop Insurance Program / Lara Bryant and Claire O’Connor 38 US Farm Programs and the Impacts on National and International Soil Security / Katina Dove Hanson and J. Michael Schmidt 39 Soil Security for Agricultural Productivity: The Policy Disconnect and a Promising Future / Andrea Koch 40 Securitisation / Alex B. McBratney and Lorna E. Jarrett 41 The Place of Soil in International Government Policy / Robert Hill 42 Translating Soil Science Knowledge to Public Policy / Luca Montanarella 43 Synthesis: Goals to Achieve Soil Security / Cristine L.S. Morgan, Alex B. McBratney, Damien J. Field, Andrea Koch, Johan Bouma, and Florence Carré Index

Note: Contents 1 A Brief Introduction to the Players 1.1 Silicon 1.2 Silica 1.3 Silicic Acid 1.4 Silicate 1.5 Silicone 2 The Origin of Life Was Brought to You in Part by Silicate Rocks 2.1 Setting the Stage 2.2 A Flight of Fancy 2.3 The Early Earth Was Not Hellacious 2.4 A Fly in the Soup 2.5 The Lost City 2.6 Generating Organic Compounds 2.7 Inventing Metabolism 2.8 The World’s Earliest Biological Carbon Fixation 2.9 Replication Further Reading 3 The Making of Humankind: Silica Lends a Hand (and Maybe a Brain) 3.1 Stone Tools and Their Makers 3.1.1 The Earliest Stone Tools 3.1.2 The Oldowan Industry and Its Practitioners 3.1.3 The Acheulean Industry and Its Practitioners 3.1.4 Neanderthals and the Levallois Technique 3.1.5 Homo sapiens 3.2 Hands and Brains 3.2.1 Give Us a Hand 3.2.2 If I Only Had a Brain Further Reading 4 Mystical Crystals of Silica 4.1 What Is a Crystal? 4.2 Pyroelectricity 4.3 Piezoelectricity 4.4 Sonar 4.5 Quartz Oscillators 4.6 But Why Is There a Piezoelectric Effect? Further Reading 5 Glass Houses and Nanotechnology 5.1 Silica-Centric Musings on the Origin of Biomineralization 5.2 The Early Fossil Record of Silica Biomineralization 5.3 Not All Biomineralization Is Silica Biomineralization 5.4 The World’s First Arms Race 5.5 How to Make a Glass House: Man Versus Nature 5.5.1 Man 5.5.2 Nature 5.6 Some Silica Biomineralizing Organisms that We Are Learning From 5.6.1 Choanoflagellates 5.6.2 Siliceous Sponges 5.6.3 Diatoms 5.7 Siliceous Nanotechnology Further Reading 6 Chicks Need Silica, Too 6.1 It’s All About the Chicks 6.2 Silicosis 6.3 The Dog Days of Silica Medical Research 6.4 Collagen 6.5 Do Human Beings Require Silica? 6.6 To Supplement or not to Supplement 6.7 Silica, Aluminum, and Alzheimer’s Disease Further Reading 7 Of Fields, Phytoliths, and Sewage 7.1 All Plants Have Silica 7.2 Opal Phytoliths 7.3 The Benefits of Opal Phytoliths and of Dissolved Silica 7.4 Is Silica an Essential Plant Nutrient? 7.5 Impact of Agriculture on the Silica Cycle 7.6 The Growing Creep of Silica Removal 7.7 Let’s Go for a Walk Through Time 7.8 Silica in Sewage 7.9 A Plea for Hardy Souls Further Reading 8 Silica, Be Dammed! 8.1 To Put It in a Nutshell 8.2 A Brief History of Human Damming, or How Long Has This Been Going on 8.3 Dams and Silica 8.4 Dams, Eutrophication, and Silica 8.5 Case Study #1: The Laurentian Great Lakes 8.6 Case Study #2: The Baltic Sea 8.7 Case Study #3: The Black Sea 8.8 The Global View Further Reading 9 The Venerable Silica Cycle 9.1 The Silica Cycle 9.2 Silicate Weathering 9.3 Getting Silica from Continent to Ocean 9.4 The Weathering of Oceanic Crust 9.5 Silica Biomineralization in the Ocean 9.6 Silica’s Return to the Mantle 9.7 The Earth’s Early Ocean Was a Tremendously Siliceous Place 9.8 Silica, Cyanobacteria, and Banded Iron Formations 9.9 And then Along Came True Silica Biomineralization Further Reading 10 Silica Saves the Day 10.1 The Goldilocks Zone 10.2 Most of Us Can Model 10.2.1 The Warmth of the Sun 10.2.2 Albedo, Which Is Not a Pasta Sauce 10.2.3 Emissivity 10.3 The Importance of Greenhouse Gases 10.4 Silicate Weathering Consumes Carbon Dioxide 10.5 The Temperature Dependence of Silicate Weathering 10.6 The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum 10.7 Enhanced Weathering Further Reading

Note: Contents Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Land Degradation in the UNCCD and GEF 1.3 Concepts, Processes, and Scales of Land Degradation 1.4 Assessment of Resilience of Agroecosystems 2 The Potential for Assessment of Land Degradation by Remote Sensing 2.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index 2.2 Remote Sensing Features That Characterize NDVI- Based Assessments of Land Degradation 2.3 Other Vegetation Indices Closely Related to NDVI 2.3.1 Indices Closely Related to NDVI 2.3.2 Comparing NDVI to EVI 3 Applications of NDVI for Land Degradation Assessment 3.1 Land-Use and Land-Cover Change 3.2 Drought and Drought Early Warning 3.3 Desertification 3.4 Soil Erosion 3.5 Soil Salinization 3.6 Vegetation Burning 3.7 Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) 3.8 Biodiversity Monitoring and Conservation 3.9 Monitoring Ecosystem Resilience 4 Limits to the Use of NDVI in Land Degradation Assessment 5 Key Issues in the Use of NDVI for Land Degradation Assessment 5.1 NDVI, NPP, and Land Degradation 5.2 NDVI, RUE, and Land Degradation 5.3 Separating the Effects of Other Causes of NDVI Changes 5.4 Abrupt Changes 6 Development of Land Degradation Assessments 7 Experts’ Opinions on the Use of NDVI for Land Degradation Assessment 7.1 NDVI: Rainfall Proportionality, an Important Consideration 7.2 Building on the GLADA Assessment 8 Main Global NDVI Datasets, Databases, and Software 8.1 Main NDVI Datasets 8.2 Quality-Related Considerations 8.3 Precipitation Datasets 8.4 NDVI Software 9 Country-Level Use of Satellite Products to Detect and Map Land Degradation Processes 10 Challenges to the Use of NDVI in Land Degradation Assessments 11 Recommendations for Future Application of NDVI 11.1 In the Convention National Reporting 11.2 In a Revised GEF Resource Allocation Methodology 12 Conclusion Appendix A Inventory of Some Global and Sub-global Remote Sensing-Based Land Degradation Assessments Appendix B Use of Remote Sensing-Derived Land Productive Capacity Dynamics for the New World Atlas of Desertification (WAD) Appendix C Developments with GLADA Appendix D China’s Experiences on the Usefulness of GLADA Appendix E Main Features of Image Products from the Different Sensors Appendix F UNCCD Core Indicators for National Reporting: ICCD/COP(11)/CST/2 Appendix G Current Cost of Selected Satellite Imagery Appendix H Software for Processing Satellite Images to Develop the NDVI References