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  • Artikel  (278)
  • Springer  (276)
  • Copernicus  (2)
  • 1960-1964  (150)
  • 1935-1939  (128)
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  • Artikel  (278)
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  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 1937-05-01
    Print ISSN: 1618-2642
    Digitale ISSN: 1618-2650
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Publiziert von Springer
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 1 (1936), S. 203-218 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'auteur, en discutant les points de vue mécanistes et vitalistes, cherche à définir la causalité holistique tout en se référant aux équations deDonnan, qu'il prend comme exemple. La causalité holistique est essentiellement une simplification dimensionnale. Un système complexe, constituant une totalité, doit être décrit avant tout de façon autonomo-phénoménologique et — si possible — de façon mathématique. Ensuite il est simplifié de manière à former d'autres totalités de dimensionalité inférieure par suite de l'élimination progressive de ses dimensions supérieures et ainsi de suite jusqu'à ce qu'il n'en reste plus que les parties ne formant plus totalité. Celles-ci s'appellent „atomes” dans le sens propre du mot. Dans le holisme on ne commence pas par l'atome, qu'on trouve au contraire à la fin de la simplification. Tous les systèmes constituant une totalité et se trouvant entre les atomes en tant que restes de la simplification holistique, qui ne possèdent plus un caractère de totalité, et d'autre part la totalité mondiale la plus élevée, appelée Univers, sont des totalités relatives. Tout système constituant de cette façon une totalité, ne forme une totalité complète que pour ceux-là des systèmes de dimensions inférieures dans lesquels il peut être simplifié lui-même; par contre il constitue lui-même un membre-totalité pour les totalités de dimensions supérieures auxquelles il est luimême subordonné. Ainsi tous ces systèmes sont en même temps membres-totalités et totalités complètes. Il s'ensuit de ce principe, que, comme le démontrent aussi les équations deDonnan, la biologie théorique peut bien être simplifiée dans les domaines qui lui sont complémentaires (Bohr) de la physique théorique, mais qu'il est complètement impossible de dériver les principes et les théorèmes de la biologie théorique de ceux de la physique théorique, comme le prétendent toutes les doctrines mécanistes.
    Notizen: Summary In comparing it with the mechanistic and vitalistic views, the author seeks to make clear the nature of holistic causality, referring toDonnan's equations as an example. Holistic causality is essentially dimensional simplification. A complex system which forms a whole must be described in the first instance autonomo-phenomenologically, and if possible mathematically. Thereafter it is simplified into other wholes of less dimensionality, through progressive elimination of its higher dimensions, and so on until there remain over constituents no longer showing „wholeness”. These are called „atoms” in the general sense. In holistic thought we do not begin with the atom; it is found at the end of the process of simplification. All unitary systems which lie between the atoms — the ultimate terms of holistic simplification, no longer showing wholeness — and the highest world-whole which we call the universe, are relative wholes. Each of these unitary systems is a complete whole only with respect to those systems of lower dimension into which it can itself be simplified. On the other hand it is itself a partial whole in relation to the wholes of higher dimension to which it is subordinated. Accordingly all these systems are at the same time complete wholes and partial wholes. It follows from this principle, as indeed theDonnan equations show, that theoretical biology can be simplified into the complementary (Bohr) domain of theoretical physics, but that it is quite impossible to „deduce„ the principles and theorems of theoretical biology from those of theoretical physics, as all mechanistic doctrines maintain.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 180 (1964), S. 272-285 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract There are three possibilities for the introduction of angular momentum eigenfunctions in the vector-meson-theory: 1. Multipole fields, 2. orbital angular momentum eigenfunctions, 3. helicity eigenfunctions. We shall define these functions by eigenvalue equations and present their mutual relationship. In analogy to the usual momentum quantization we may quantize the field with respect to each of the three systems of angular momentum eigenfunctions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 168 (1962), S. 169-176 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Iron was heated and evaporated by electron bombardment. The condensation upon glass plates gives layers with highly reproducible thicknesses and optical constants. In the range of the visible spectrum, the constants were determined for opaque layers (thickness≧1000 Å) by the elliptical analysis of reflected light. They vary reproducibly with the conditions of preparation. The range of values covers most of the measurements published to date for iron. For oblique condensed layers the optical constants are very strongly anisotropic. Irreversible changes of the constants within the range of temperature from 150 to 400° C are presumably connected with crystalline growth.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 170 (1962), S. 131-153 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract It is shown that an old and well-known difficulty in quantum electrodynamics concerning the particle interpretation can be avoided. This is done by the formal introduction of a finite photon rest mass, and by using an expansion of the electro-dynamic potentials into one-particle eigenfunctions instead of the usual expansion into transverse, longitudinal, and scalar waves.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 172 (1963), S. 302-313 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Quantum electrodynamics with non-vanishing photon mass is written down in interaction representation. To apply the Wick decomposition formalism of theS-matrix one can introduce an indefinite metricη, similar to that of Gupta-Bleuler's quantum electrodynamics with vanishing photon mass. It will be shown that the complementary photons can be eliminated from the formalism with the help of the subsidiary condition. By a succeeding unitary transformation allx-singularities (x=photon mass) can be removed. The limiting processx→0, which then becomes possible, leads to the well-known so-called ‘reduced’ theory of quantum electrodynamics. A physical interpretation of this limiting process will be tried using, as a simple example, the radiation of an electric dipole.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 168 (1962), S. 544-552 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The systematic search for new short-lived isomeric states has been continued by irradiation of an additional 32 selected elements with 26 MeV bremsstrahlung. Isomeric transitions were detected using a conventional scintillation spectrometer. Irradiation of antimony led to the production of a new (530±50) μsec isomeric state which decays through emission of partially converted (62±2) keV and (76±3) keV gamma rays. The 530 μsec half-life is tentatively associated with the 136 keV level in Sb122. An apparent inconsistency in the previously proposed level scheme of Sb122 can be removed if the 3.5 min Sb122-activity is assigned to an isomeric level in Sb122 lying less than 15 keV above the 136 keV isomeric state. A new measurement of the half-life of this level yielded a value of (4.15±0.2) min. Another new isomeric state with a (2.l±0.2) msec half-life was produced by irradiating thallium. The isomeric state decays by emission of two gamma rays of (335±8) keV and (597±12) keV which were found to be in coincidence. Irradiation of erbium led to the production of a short-lived isomeric transition which may be identical with a previously reported Ho-isomer. Results are discussed in the appendix.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 158 (1960), S. 379-385 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Parametric amplifiers have been developed during the last years to get a low noise amplification of weak electromagnetic signals. This paper describes simple experiments to demonstrate the basic principles by an electrical arrangement with variable capacity and by a mechanical set-up with capillary-gravity waves on a water surface. An explanation of the parametric oscillation and amplification is given in connection with these experiments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 159 (1960), S. 563-583 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract In a previous paper direct electron-intensity measurements in Debye-Scherrer diagrams of aluminium have been described. A retarding field apparatus was used for investigations into the influence of crystal size and electron energy (15 to 50 keV) on the elastic diffraction intensities. The validity range of the kinematical theory could be determined. By means of a retarding field the inelastically scattered electrons were separated from the elastically scattered electrons (energy loss below 2 eV). In this paper the retarding field apparatus by which scattering intensities can be measured with good accuracy (≈ 2%) is described in detail. It is compared with other arrangements for the measurements of angular and energy distributions of scattered electrons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 169 (1962), S. 511-516 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The optical constantsk 2−n 2 and 2n k of Ni-layers evaporated by electron bombardment had been investigated by polarimetric measurements in the spectral range 290 to 850 mμ. Considering the symmetric dependence of photocurrent on amplitude ratio and phase shift of the elliptic polarized light, a measuring accuracy of 5′ could be obtained with low electronic accessory. The influence of temperature of condensation and tempering on the optical properties is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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