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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of bubbling and stirring on mass transfer coefficients in liquids (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 411-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the hydrogenation of α-methylstyrene by means of a suspended palladium-alumina catalyst in a stirred reactor the mass transfer of hydrogen through the liquid is the rate-controlling step and the resistance to chemical reaction at the catalyst surface is negligible except at extremely rapid rates of stirring. This system therefore provides an excellent means of establishing the effects of operating variables and mechanical construction on mass transfer coefficients in liquids in stirred reactors. It is convenient to consider the total resistance to mass transfer as consisting of two separate resistaces: in the liquid adjoining the bubbles and in the liquid adjoining the suspended solid particles; thus R = Rb + Rs.A general equation was evaluated from experimental data based upon unit volume of liquid.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030323
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perforated plate efficiency-effect of design and operating variables (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 465-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental plate efficiency and pressure drop data were obtained on the n-octane-toluene system in a 5 plate, 6 in. diam. column at atmospheric pressure. Hole sizes of 1/16, 1/8, and 3/16 in.; 5.68 and 12.5% free areas; weir heights of 1, 2, and 3 in.; and plate spacings of 6, 12, 18, and 24 in. were studied. Reflux ratios of one, two, four, five, ten, and total were utilized to determine the effect on efficiency.It was found that hole diameter, free area, plate spacing, and a wide range of reflux ratio had relatively small effect on efficiency and pressure drop; however weir height and lower reflux showed relatively larger effects on both variables.Efficiencies and pressure drops were lower than those predicted from published correlations particularly at low flow rates.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040416
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adsorption phase equilibrium correlations: Light-hydrocarbon vapors on activated charcoal (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data correlations are presented for equilibrium adsorption of pure hydrocarbon vapors and their mixtures. The systems represented are C1 to C4 hydrocarbons (olefins and paraffins) on gas-adsorbent grades of activated charcoal. The mixture data are limited to binary and ternary gas systems. The adsorption conditions represented among the correlated data cover ranges of 77° to 175°F. temperature and 0 to 100 lb./sq. in. gauge. With the use of empirical adsorption constants, a common correlation of specific adsorption capacity for the various hydrocarbons is presented; it applies for either pure components or their mixtures. A correlation is given also for adsorption relative volatilities. Approximate adsorption heats, a limited amount of high-temperature steam adsorption data, and sample calculations on applications of the correlations are included. The prediction methods are recommended for adsorption conditions up to 250°F. and 250 lb/sq. in. gauge for the particular systems studied.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020114
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of zirconium in liquid-sodium systems (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 173-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The attractive nuclear properties of zirconium make it a highly desirable core material for sodium-cooled reactors. The elevated temperature strength while low is sufficient for certain applications. Development of higher strength alloys is underway. Sodium in itself is completely compatible with zirconium; however, the nonmetallic contaminants, namely oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, can effect serious damage. The primary problem in the use of zirconium in a sodium system, then, lies in controlling these impurities in the sodium.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020209
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simplified flow calculations for tubes and parallel plates (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 208-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effective correlations of turbulent velocities and friction losses for tubes and parallel plates recently published have been analyzed further in order to simplify their use and to extend the range of Reynolds number.Working diagrams have been developed from which turbulent friction losses and local velocities for tubes and parallel plates can be calculated without interpolation or trial-and-error procedures. Tentative values of parallel-plate friction factors and average-to-maximum velocity ratios in the transition region are also included, and new experimental values of the velocity ratio in smooth tubes are reported. The working diagrams permit more rapid, accurate, and consistent calculations of fluid behavior to be made over a wider range of operating conditions than was previously possible.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030215
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of continuous-flow chemical reactors. I. Frequency-response relations for a continuously stirred tank reactor (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 248-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030221
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catalyzed gas-liquid reactions in trickling-bed reactors (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 366-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetic studies were made in a differential flow reactor of the hydogenation of α-methyl-styrene with the liquid trickling over a bed of catalyst pellets countercurrent to a stream of hydrogen. The catalysts consisted of palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, and nickel supported on the external surfaces of aluminal pellets.With palladium at pressures above 3 atm. the apparent rate-controlling step was a surface reaction between dissociated hydrogen and α-methylstyrene both adsorbed on different type of active sites. Below 3 atm. pressure the reactants competed for similar active sites. With platinum the apparent rate-controlling step was a surface reaction between dissociated hydrogen and α-methylstyrene on similar active sites. Rhodium and nickel catalyzed the polymerization α-methylstyrene together with slow hydrogenation. Ruthenium had negligible activity for catalyzing the hydrogenation under the moderate conditions used in this work.In all cases mass transfer resistances were negligible.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030316
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the chemical properties of an oxide catalyst in a closed system (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 386-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The bulk chemical properties of an impregnated chromia-alumina catalyst with respect to several gases, CO, CO2, C3H6, were determined as a function of the degree of oxidation of the surface of the catalyst. The importance of the results lies in the demonstration that a simple method described herein can be used to obtain significant data on catalytic surfaces. Briefly, the prior adsorption of oxygen by the catalyst tended to promote the adsorption of carbon monoxide and to prohibit the adsorption of carbon dioxide. Far more carbon monoxide was adsorbed by the highly oxidized surface than could be accounted for on the basis of adsorbed carbon dioxide. The quantity of propylene adsorbed also increased with an increase in the oxidation of the surface. The results are explained on the basis of two types of adsorbed oxygen atoms.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030319
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Approximate equations for time of batch fractionation (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 111-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Analytical expressions are obtained for the calculation of the time required for batch rectification of binary feeds which may be treated by assuming constant relative volatility and no column holdup. The equations cover constant reflux operations and varying reflux constant product operations for the two cases involving either a large or a small number of theoretical stages. The latter type of calculation has hitherto been possible only by tedious graphical methods. This paper introduces novel pseudoequilibrium curves which lead to simple equations of considerable accuracy. The equations obtained may be rearranged or modified so that other factors such as sharpness of fractionation may be represented analytically.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010117
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Turbulence in falling liquid films (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 178-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: On the basis of fluid dynamic and heat transfer studies on falling-film towers by various investigators, it has been commonly accepted by most workers that the liquid flow is essentially streamline in nature for liquid-film Reynolds numbers under 1,800 to 2,000; conseuquently it would be expected that the rate of physical gas absorption in such liquid films could be predicted directly from a knowledge of molecular diffusion rates.Measurements of the absorption of pure gases in falling liquid films at low Reynolds numbers substantiated the findings of other investigators that the mass transfer rates were manyfold greater than could have been predicted if molecular diffusion were the only transfer process. Increased interfacial area due to rippling of the liquid films could not account for the large increase in mass transfer rates found, and experiments with the addition of a dye stream to the liquid at the freer interface indicated turbulence.Dissolution rates of slightly soluble solids coated on the tube wall to liquid films were measured and showed that the liquid film was not in laminar flow even for Reynolds numbers as low as 300.An explanation is proposed which resolves these apparently conflicting results between momentum and heat and mass transfer, based on the fact that mass transfer measurements provide a more sensitive test for the presence of turbulence than do momentum or heat transfer measurements.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010209
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