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  • 1960-1964  (7)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1964-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0006-3495
    Electronic ISSN: 1542-0086
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Published by Cell Press
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1962-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0006-3495
    Electronic ISSN: 1542-0086
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Published by Cell Press
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1964-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0304-4165
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-8006
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 44 (1961), S. 591-610 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Polymerisation von Nitroäthylen in Dimethylformamid und Tetrahydrofuran wurde in einem großen Temperaturbereich untersucht. Als Katalysatoren dienten Pyridin und 3-Methyl-4-äthyl-pyridin.Der Polymerisationsverlauf wurde sowohl mittels der adiabatischen Temperaturerhöhungen als auch gravimetrisch verfolgt. Bei niederen Temperaturen verläuft die Reaktion nach 1. Ordnung in bezug auf Katalysator und Monomeres. Der Polymerisationsgrad (bei -75°C in Dimethylformamid und bei -104°C in Tetrahydrofuran) ist proportional dem Grad der Umsetzung. Polymere hohen Molekulargewichtes werden gebildet mit Intrinsic-Viskositäten in der Größenordnung von 2.Im mittleren Temperaturbereich (ungefähr bei -30°C) kann die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit in Dimethylformamid folgendermaßen ausgedrückt werden: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$Geschwindigkeit = \frac{{a\left[ C \right]_0 \left[ M \right]^2 }}{{b + \left[ M \right]}}$$\end{document}Bei Zimmertemperatur (0-25°C) sind in beiden Lösungsmitteln die Reaktionen 2. Ordnung in bezug auf das Monomere. Die scheinbare Aktivierungsenergie ist negativ, und es werden Polymere niederen Molekulargewichtes erhalten.Folgender Reaktionsmechanismus wird zur Erklärung der experimentellen Ergebnisse vorgeschlagen: Die Wechselwirkung zwischen Katalysator und Monomerem erzeugt ein aktives dipolares Addukt, und die Kette wächst durch einen polaren Mechanismus. Der Abbruch der wachsenden Kette kann spontan oder durch Übertragung mit dem Monomeren stattfinden.Die Aktivierungsenergien der Abbruchsreaktionen sind viel höher als Ei und Ep. Deshalb nähern sich bei niederen Temperaturen die Geschwindigkeiten sowohl des Abbruchs als auch der Übertragung Null, während jene der Start- und Wachstumsreaktion viel weniger beeinflußt werden.Die Bildung „lebender“ Polymerer bei genügend niedriger Temperatur, die von der Dielektrizitätskonstante des Lösungsmittels abhängt, wird angenommen.
    Notes: The polymerization of nitroethylene in dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran was studied in a wide temperature range. Pyridine and 3-methyl-4-ethyl-pyridine were used as catalysts. Polymerization was followed by adiabatic temperature rise as well as gravimetrically. At low temperatures the kinetics are first order with respect to catalyst and monomer. The degree of polymerization (at -75°C. in dimethylformamide and at -104°C. in tetrahydrofuran) is proportional to the degree of conversion. High molecular weight polymers are formed with intrinsic viscosities of the order of 2.In the intermediate temperature range (about -30°C.) the rate of reaction in dimethylformamide may be expressed by: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$Rate = \frac{{a\left[ C \right]_0 \left[ M \right]^2 }}{{b + \left[ M \right]}}$$\end{document}At room temperature (0-25°C.), the kinetics are second order with respect to monomer in both solvents. The apparent activation energy is negative and low molecular weight polymers are obtained.The following mechanism is suggested in order to explain the experimental findings: The interaction of catalyst and monomer produces an active dipolar adduct, and the chain is propagated by a polar mechanism. The termination of the growing chain may take place spontaneously or by transfer of the catalyst to monomer.The activation energies associated with termination reactions are much higher than Ei and Ep, therefore at low temperatures the rates of both termination and transfer are approaching zero, while those of initiation and propagation are much less affected. At a sufficiently low temperature, which depends upon the dielectric constant of the solvent, the formation of “living” polymer is postulated.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 46 (1960), S. 365-374 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermoelastic properties of contractile open systems, in equilibrium with an external bath containing permeating components, are related to those of the corresponding closed systems, in terms of two isothermal parameters, the change of the degree of swelling with elongation and the isometric enthalpy of dilution of the swollen contractile phase. The thermodynamic analysis is applied to evaluate the thermoelastic properties of the Flory-Rehner model for swollen rubber, and experimental results from the literature are discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: General Papers 1 (1963), S. 2093-2099 
    ISSN: 0449-2951
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The simple additivity of osmotic pressure and ionic activity observed in polyelectrolyte - salt solutions is derived from a straightforward thermodynamic consideration. The basic assumption of this work is that the activity coefficient of the coions is practically uneffected by the presence of the largely screened polymeric ions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: General Papers 1 (1963), S. 3231-3260 
    ISSN: 0449-2951
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This work treats the equilibrium properties of polyelectrolyte solutions containing an excess of low molecular salt. In this case the simple rule of additivity, dealt with previously, fails to describe the experimental results. A detailed treatment, based on an approximate solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation, was therefore undertaken. The calculation is based on a subdivision of the electrostatic potential into two parts corresponding to two regions: (1) an inner region in the close neighborhood of the polyion, free of coions and described by the Poisson-Boltzmann equation in the salt-free case, and (2) an outer region screened off from the central macroion and adequately treated by a Debyean approximation. An analytical solution for the electrostatic potential was obtained and used for the theoretical description of potentiometric behavior, Donnan distribution of salt, and Donnan osmotic pressure. The predicted values compare favorably with the measured results in a wide range of experimental conditions.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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