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  • 1960-1964  (4)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 54 (1961), S. 65-81 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the graft copolymerization of styrene onto methyl acrylate (MA) and methyl methacrylate copolymers (MMA) containing tert-butyl perester groups have been studied. The synthesis of these perester copolymers was carried out in two steps: (1) copolymerization of acrylyl chloride with methyl (meth)acrylate, and (2) reaction of the acrylyl chloride copolymer with tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Further, these perester copolymers were usually treated with diazomethane in order to methylate any carboxylic group which might be present. The graft copolymers were separated from both hompolymers by progressive precipitation on addition of methanol to the chloroform solution of the copolymers. The stability of these perester copolymers has been considered and found to depend on whether there are acid groups in the copolymer. The first-order rate constants and the activation energy of decomposition in the absence of acid groups have been evaluated. These values depend on the molar composition of the copolymer; an induced decomposition of peresters is favored by a high perester content, which is responsible for a decrease in Ea (26.8 instead of 29.6 kcal./mole). In the presence of free carboxylic groups, some of the perester groups decompose very rapidly, the energy of activation of their decomposition being only 15 instead of 25.6 kcal./mole for the slow step. The degree of conversion attained during the rapid step is a function of the stereochemical structure of the copolymer, and the rate of decomposition is much higher than that produced by the addition of external acid. With the MA perester the rate of grafting is proportional to the square root of the perester concentration while it is first order with respect to the monomer concentration. These dependences were found to hold also for the overall rate of polymerization (from the total weight increase) as well as for the grafting rate (from the isolated graft copolymer and its styrene content). The styrene content of the graft copolymer increases with monomer concentration (e.g., 53.8 and 75.3 for monomer concentrations of 2.6 and 6.1 moles/l., respectively). At low monomer concentration, grafting is greatly favored over homopolymerization; it is also enhanced by the viscosity of the solution. With the MMA perester also, the grafting rate obeys the square root law for the perester concentration and the first-order dependence on monomer. However, the rate of grafting is practically independent of the styrene concentration over a large range. The relative importance of grafting over homopolymerization is in this case much less than with MA-TBP, except at high dilution. Different interpretations are suggested in order to explain the very high and sometimes very low values of Rg/Rh, the ratio of the rate of grafting to the rate of hompolymerization. The different behaviors of the MA and MMA peresters are discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 51 (1962), S. 177-181 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Methylacrylat wurde bis zu hohen Umsätzen bei Temperaturen zwischen 25 und 60°C photopolymerisiert. Die Kennzeichen des beobachteten Geleffektes wurden durch Radikaleinschluß in dem hochviskosen polymerisierenden System erklärt. Die einfache kinetische Analyse ist hier nicht wie in früheren Mitteilungen anwendbar ohne die Annahme zusäzlicher Faktoren, die der Verzweigung und Vernetzung, welche bei der Polymerisation dieses Monomeren in Substanz auftreten, Rechnung tragen.
    Notes: Methyl acrylate has been photopolymerised to high conversions in the range 25-60°C. and the characteristics of the gel effect observed have been explained by radical occlusion in the highly viscous polymerising system. The simple kinetic analysis introduced in earlier papers is not applicable here without the inclusion of extra factors to account for the prolific branching and crosslinking pertaining in the bulk polymerisation of this monomer.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 51 (1962), S. 171-176 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Photopolymerisation von n-Propyl- und n-Butylmethacrylat wurde bei hohen Umsätzen untersucht und der Geleffekt mit demjenigen, den man für den Methylester findet, verglichen1. Eine kinetische Analyse, die sich auf die Annahme eines Radikalkonzentrationseffektes durch den Einschluß aktiver Zentren stützt, wurde mit Erfolg auf diese Reaktion angewendet.
    Notes: The photopolymerisation of n-propyl and n-butyl methacrylate to high conversions has been investigated, and the gel effect compared with that found for the methyl ester1. A kinetic analysis, based on a radical concentration effect caused by the occlusion of active centres, has been applied successfully to these reaction.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 51 (1962), S. 154-170 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der vollständige Reaktionsverlauf der Photopolymerisation von Methylmethacrylat wurde studiert und versucht, die Kennzeichen des Geleffektes, der bei der Polymerisation dieses und anderer Vinylsysteme bei höheren Umsätzen auftritt, zu erklären. Man muß annehmen, daß bei der Polymerisation dieses Vinylesters in Substanz die Stationaritätsbedingungen nur im Anfangsstadium der Polymerisation anwendbar sind; später werden die wachsenden Radikale von Polymeren eingeschlossen. Während also eine Verringerung der Konzentration der Radikale, die den Abbruch bewirken, eintritt, nimmt die Zahl der Radikale, die zu weiterem Wachstum befähigt sind, zu. Daraus ergibt sich eine kontinuierliche Zunahme der Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit und des Molekulargewichtes des gebildeten Polymeren. Gleichfalls soll der steile Abfall der Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit nach Null vor Erreichung eines vollständigen Umsatzes erklärt werden durch die Behinderung der Diffusion des Monomeren in dem stark gequollenen System.Einer einfachen kinetischen Analyse zufolge ist der TROMMSDORFF-Effekt ds ein Radikalkonzentrationsphänomen anzusehen; beim Methacrylsäureester findet man gute Übereinstimmung mit den experimentell gefundenen Werten.Die Ergebnisse der Bestimmung des Intensitätsexponenten der Reaktion und des Einflusses von übertragenden Stoffen auf die Polymerisation stimmen mit den vorausgestellten Theorien überein.
    Notes: The polymerisation of methyl methacrylate has been studied over the complete course of the reaction and an attempt has been made to explain the characteristics of the “gel effect” observed in the high conversion polymerisation of this and other vinyl systems. It is suggested that in the bulk polymerisation of this vinyl ester stationary state kinetic are only strictly applicable in the early stages of polymerisation, after which the accumulated polymer results in the occlusion of growing radicals. Thus when there is a decrease in the concentration of radicals available for termination there is an increase in the number capable of further propagation. The result is a continual increase in the rate of polymesation and in the molecular weight of polymer formed. Similarly the sharp fall off in rate to zero values before complete polymerisation, has been explained by a decrease in the rate of propagation due to the inability of monomer to diffuse readily through the highly gelled system.A simple kinetic analysis has been put forward explaining the “TROMSDORFF-Effect” as a radical concentration phenomenon, and for methacrylate esters this gives good agreement with experimental observations. Determinations of the intensity exponent of the reaction and the effect of transfer agents on the polymerisation are also in good agreement with the theories proposed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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