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  • 1960-1964  (7)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1961-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0014-4754
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1961-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0014-4754
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 17 (1961), S. 516-517 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pied flycatchers (Ficedula h. hypoleuca) possess at least two releasing mechanisms for triggering the mobbing response to predators near the nest, namely for shrikes and for owls. This is demonstrated by the fact that body size, which was varied in dummy experiments, enters into these mechanisms differentially.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 17 (1961), S. 188-189 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary German Pied Flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca hypoleuca) show a mobbing response to the Redbacked Shrike (Lanius collurio) as well as to owls. Spanish Pied Flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca iberiae) mob only at the latter. This correlates well with the fact that only nominatehypoleuca occurs together with the shrike, but both subspecies share their habitats with owls.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 102 (1961), S. 133-139 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 105 (1964), S. 334-339 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary If redfooted and bluefaced boobies(Sula sula, S. dactylatra) in the Galapagos Islands are startled by the sudden and close appearance of man, they can only „take wing“ after unsuccessful panicky attempts at flying. Redfooted boobies, however, spotting man from afar are able to „take wing“ in the normal undisturbed manner. Fledged juveniles are capable of flying, and hence of fleeing, in every situation. This and other facts indicate that a rapid increase in fear from nearby ground predators causes an unbalance between the flying and fear drives; this leads to the possibly deleterious fligth panic.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Rotfuß- und Maskentölpel(Sula sula, S. dactylatra) auf Galapagos, die den Menschen auf kurze Entfernung erblicken, vermögen erst nach erfolglosen Fluchtversuchen fliegend zu fliehen. Solche Rotfußtölpel, die ihn von weitem kommen sehen, fliehen glatt wie beim ungestörten Start aus eigenem Entschluß. Flugbare Jungvögel sind zahmer, und gerade sie können in jeder Situation starten. Dies und andere Tatsachen deuten an, daß unbalancierte Bodenfeindangst solche Fluchtmängel bedingt.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 101 (1960), S. 291-309 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. The „scraping-ceremony“ in males of the genusFicedula is derived from a nest building movement which, in the course of its ritualization, has become sexually motivated. Thealbicollis male uses this movement as a preliminary to copulation and also when threatening a rival male. Thesemitorquata male shows the same movement at least during the phase in which copulations take place. Thehypoleuca male, finally, only uses the scraping-ceremony in threatening a rival. In all three species only the female builds the nest. 2. Juvenilehypoleuca males perform the first intention movements of the scrapingceremony, correctly orientated, at the age of 26 days, at the earliest. By the age of 33 days the complete motor pattern occurs “spontaneously“, i. e. without being agonistically motivated. Only when day length increases, do young males use the movement as adults do, that is, in defending their cage against others by performing the scraping, uttering aggressively motivated calls, and by fluffing their contour feathers. During development the young bird passes through the phylogenetically older state of motivation of scraping. Later the hostile motivation, observed in adults, comes into play as well. This supports the hypothesis, that the pre-copulatory ceremony of the adulthypoleuca-male is secondarily impoverished. 3. The Spotted Flycatcher(Muscicapa striata) instead of singing like other flycatchers(Ficedula) utters different calls which belong partly to other functional contexts. The juvenile subsong, which occurs at the earliest at the age of 14 days, resembles closely the subsong of theFicedula species which is sung without any recognizable function between breeding-seasons. Only when the bird reaches an age of 12 weeks does the subsong accompany the premature ceremony by which the adultstriata male courts the unpaired female. While the subsong of the other flycatcher species, as in many songbirds, develops into the species-specific territory-song, the subsong of the Spotted Flycatcher remains relatively unchanged and is used later in courtship. The passing through an apparently functionless phase in the development of thestriata subsong strengthens the hypothesis that the suggested evolutionary step has taken place recently. 4. The premature courtship and nest building patterns in young birds in general appear during a restricted period of their early development. The gonads do not change in size before, during or just after this period. Therefore these activities are more likely to result from developmental processes in the nervous system, than from hormonal changes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Das „Strampeln“ ist in der GattungFicedula eine aus dem Nestbau abgeleitete Bewegung, die im Verlauf ihrer Ritualisierung beim Männchen primär zu einer geschlechtlich motivierten Zeremonie wurde. Dasalbicollis-♂ stimmt seine Partnerin damit zur Paarung. Andererseits droht es damit einem Rivalen im Übersprung. Dassemitorquata-♂ zeigt die Bewegungsweise ähnlich zumindest im Zusammenhang mit der Balz. Dashypoleuca- ♂ gebraucht sie tertiär nur mehr im Kampf mit einem Rivalen. Bei allen drei Arten baut nur das Weibchen. 2. Jungehypoleuca-♂ ♂ zeigen „spontan“, d. h. ohne feindlich erregt zu sein, im Alter von frühestens 26 Tagen die ersten und richtig orientierten Intentionen zum Strampeln, und vom 33. Tag an die voll ausgeprägte Bewegungsweise. Erst nach dem Zunehmen der Tageslänge gebrauchen die Männchen die Bewegung ganz wie Erwachsene, indem sie ihren Käfig damit gegen andere verteidigen, obendrein angriffsmotivierte Laute äußern und imponieren. Der Jungvogel wiederholt während seiner Entwicklung die historisch ältere Motivation der Bewegung, ehe er sie obendrein wie der Erwachsene im Kampf gebraucht. Dies bestätigt die Annahme, daß die Balz beim adultenhypoleuca-♂ sekundär verarmt ist. 3. Der Grauschnäpper ersetzt den wohl differenzierten Reviergesang anderer Schnäpper(Ficedula) durch Einzelrufe, die z. T. anderen Funktionskreisen entstammen. Der mit 14 Tagen einsetzende Jugendgesang unterscheidet sich kaum von dem derFicedula-Arten, die ihn funktionslos außerhalb der Brutzeit vortragen. Erst im Alter von 12 Wochen begleitet der Jugendgesang außerdem das frühreife Nistplatzzeigen, mit dem das erwachsenestriata-♂ um ein Weibchen wirbt und dabei singt. Während die anderen Schnäpper gleich vielen Singvögeln aus dem Jugendgesang ihren arttypischen Reviergesang entwickeln, behält der Grauschnäpper den seinen in der Form unverändert bei und reizt damit ein verpaarungsbereites Weibchen. Das Durchlaufen der offenbar funktionslosen Gesangsphase beim Jungvogel bestätigt die Annahme, daß jener Entwicklungsschritt erst jungen Datums ist. 4. Die frühreifen Balz- und Nisttriebäußerungen junger Vögel erscheinen während einer kurzen, eng umrissenen Phase ihrer Jugendentwicklung. Da die Keimdrüsen nach dieser Zeit nicht funktionsuntüchtiger werden, als sie vor dem Beginn der Phase waren, dürften jene Handlungen eher Ausdruck nervöser Entwicklungsprozesse als hormonaler Umstellungen sein.
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