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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (45)
  • Organic Chemistry  (10)
  • 1960-1964  (55)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 6 (1962), S. 651-655 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The nonohmic behavior of carbon black-loaded natural rubber viilcanizates was studied. Three samples contained high-abrasion furnace black (HAF) in good, moderate, and poor dispersion. Another sample contained a good dispersion of medium thermal black (MT). The nonohmic behavior of the poor HAF dispersion and that of the MT dispersion could be interpreted as due to internal field emission acroM insulating gap widths of 2 and 2.5 μ. The existence of such gaps waa confirmed by electron micrographs. No clear evidence of internal field emission could be obtained for the good and moderate HAP dispersions where, according to electron micrographs, the gaps are much narrower. There is some indication that the degree of diapersion can be correlated with field emission characteristics.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: General Papers 2 (1964), S. 5187-5202 
    ISSN: 0449-2951
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly(methacrylic acid) was electrolyzed at 20°C. in 0.2 M dry methanol solution in a glass apparatus provided with two polished platinum disk electrodes; the current density was kept constant (300, 800, or 1000 ma.). Before electrolysis the acid was partially neutralized in order to increase the electrical conductivity. The electrolysis was characterized by evolution of carbon dioxide at the anode, while the acid content of the polymer decreased. When the degree of decarboxylation was about 30%, intramolecular lactonization occurred by interaction of unsaturated groups with neighboring acid groups. The changes of chemical composition of the polymer in function of the time were followed by determination of free carboxylic acid groups, of γ-lactones, and unsaturated groups (bromine addition). The amount of methyl ester formed by methanolysis of the lactones was calculated from methoxyl determinations. At the end of electrolysis only 5-6% free carboxylic groups were present, 35-40% lactones, 30% ester groups; the residue was mainly a hydrocarbon fraction (partially unsaturated). The electrolysis was also carried out in the presence of low molecular weight carboxylic acids, acetic, ∊-acetaminocarproic, and cyanoacetic acids, the ratio of the concentration of these acids to that of polymeric acid being varied over a wide range. With acetic acid the chemical composition of the polymer was only slightly affected through grafting of side methyl groups, as was shown by the use of C14 acetic acid. With ∊-acetaminocaproic and cyanoacetic acids the crossed Kolbe synthesis reactions are much more important, 20-24% side alkyl acetamino groups and 15% cyanomethylene groups being grafted to the main chain by this method. Chain degradation during these experiments can be practically avoided.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1117-1132 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Stretched films from partly unsaturated natural rubber hydrochloride develop cracks and fracture in ozonized oxygen. Cracking occurs only above a minimum stress level of about 70 kg./cm.2. Ozone sensitivity increases exponentially with stress, but goes through a maximum near the yield point of the thermoplastic films. Contrary to rubbers, these high-modulus materials do not undergo overall stress relaxation prior to fracturing induced by ozone. The rate of surface ozonization of an unstretched film is estimated gravimetrically and volumetrically; it is found to be similar to that of rubber surfaces. Physical and chemical changes of the ozonized surface are reported. Results are briefly compared with ozone attack on other (nonrubber) materials.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 149-152 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of grafting on the type of initiator has been examined in the case of three polymer-monomer systems: polystyrene-methyl methacrylate, polymethyl methacrylate-vinyl acetate, and polyethyl α-chloroacrylate-vinyl acetate. The different initiators used in these experiments were benzoyl peroxide (Bz2O2), azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). In each case the graft copolymers were separated from the homopolymers by fractional precipitation or by extraction. In the case of the system polystyrene-methyl methacrylate, an appreciable degree of grafting as well as formation of graft copolymer occur in the presence of Bz2O2; in contrast, the grafting is low with DTBP and doubtful with AIBN. For the other two systems no noticeable differences occurred as function of the initiator. In the case of polyethyl α-chloroacrylate the amount of graft copolymer is exceptionally high owing to the sensitivity of this polymer to a radical attack; this sensitivity results in the partial insolubility of the graft copolymers in the presence of TBHP and DTBP, but not in the presence of AIBN.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 427-432 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 465-473 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Titanium as material for chemical equipmentBecause of its favourable properties, titanium has very quickly passed through its first development stages and has meanwhile reached considerable production figures. Though the specific gravity of titanium is little more than half of that of steel, its strength corresponds to that of high-grade steel. Whilst these properties are of particular interest to aircraft production, the high corrosion resistance of titanium has led to a steadily increasing use of this metal as a material for chemical equipment. In this sphere, titanium is primarily used in cases where the corrosion problems encountered cannot be solved, or cannot be satisfactorily solved, by conventional materials. In many cases, the media concerned are those where the corrosion is caused by chlorine ions. This may cause the well-known phenomenon of pitting corrosion even with, e.g. stainless steel, whilst titanium can generally be regarded as absolutely corrosion-proof even in such media.A number of illustrations of titanium components, some of them on a large scale, show the scope of applications for which this new metal is already being used and processed. Since the best processing conditions for titanium have now been worked out and the necessary machinery etc. is now available, the manufacture of titanium components and titanium linings is generally no longer very difficult. Special experience and care is required for the welding of titanium parts in order to prevent oxygen and nitrogen from reaching the melt and thus causing embrittlement.A number of hints of a structural nature that must be taken into account in using titanium should be of value to the designer.Finally, it is shown on the strength of a number of examples that, in spite of its higher price compared with conventional materials, titanium often permits the most economic solution of a problem, all the more so as the prices of titanium have already shown a considerable decrease as the demand increased.
    Notes: Aufgrund der guten Eigenschaften von Titan hat es die ersten Stufen seiner Entwicklung sehr schnell durchlaufen und hat inzwischen eine beträchtliche Produktionshöhe erreicht. Bei dem geringen spezifischen Gewicht von nur etwas mehr als der Hälfte von Stahl weist es Festigkeiten auf, die denen der Edelstähle entsprechen. Während diese Eigenschaften vornehmlich für den Flugzeugbau interessant sind, führt die hohe Korrosionsbeständigkeit des Titans zu der stetig wachsenden Verwendung dieses Metalls im Bereich des chemischen Apparatebaues. Hier wird es in erster Linie eingesetzt in den Fällen, bei denen mit den herkömmlichen Werkstoffen die vorliegenden Korrosionsprobleme nicht oder nur unbefriedigend gelöst werden können. Vielfach handelt es sich dabei um Medien, bei denen ein Angriff von Chlorionen eintritt. Dieser verursacht bei beispielsweise rostfreiem Stahl den bekannten Lochfraß, während Titan in solchen Medien im allgemeinen als absolut beständig angesehen werden darf.Anhand etlicher Bilder von Titanteilen auch in großen Abmessungen wird gezeigt, in welchen Größenordnungen dieses neue Metall heute bereits angewendet und verarbeitet wird. Nachdem die besten Verarbeitungsbedingungen für Titan erarbeitet wurden und die hierzu erforderlichen Vorrichtungen etc. vorhanden sind, bereitet die Fertigung von Titanteilen und Titanauskleidungen im allgemeinen keine großen Schwierigkeiten mehr. Vor allem erfordert das Schweißen große Erfahrungen und Sorgfalt, um zu verhindern, daß während des Schweißens Sauerstoff zum Schweißbad gelangt, durch die das Material versprödet wird.Eine Reihe von Hinweisen konstruktiver Art, die bei der Verwendung von Titan besonders berücksichtigt werden müssen, sind besonders für den Konstrukteur wertvoll.Schließlich wird anhand einiger Beispiele gezeigt, daß das Titan trotz seines gegenüber den herkömmlichen Werkstoffen höheren Preises vielfach die wirtschaftlichste Lösung eines Problems ermöglicht, zumal die Preise des Titans selbst mit steigender Verwendung bereits erheblich ermäßigt werden konnten.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 201-202 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 752-758 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The importance of layer thickness in corrosion protection coatingsThe protective value of coatings is decisively governed by the layer thickness. This applies to active as well as passive anti-corrosive coatings.The layer thickness has a bearing on the factors important to corrosion protection, such as adhesion, hardness and elasticity, porosity, durability, and corrosion protection effect.Contrary to earlier assumptions, the layer thickness required for optimum protection cannot be determined from the depth of roughness of the coating base alone. What is decisive is the ratio of depth and width of roughness.The layer thickness that can be achieved with a given coating compound depends on the type of this compound, on the application technique used, and on the processing.Of particular importance is the measuring of the layer thickness, and a description is given of the methods most commonly used.On the basis of the investigations carried out by R. pierce, it is shown that corrosion protection can only become possible with a dry layer thickness exceeding 125 micron.
    Notes: Von ausschlaggebender Bedeutung für den Schutzwert eines Anstriches ist die Schichtdicke. Dies gilt für die aktiven und passiven Korrosionsschutzanstrichsysteme.Die Schichtdicke beeinflußt die für den Korrosionsschutz wichtigen Faktoren wie Haftung, Härte und Elastizität, Porigkeit, Beständigkeit und Korrosionsschutzwirkung.Die für einen optimalen Schutz erforderliche Schichtdicke läßt sich nicht, wie bisher angenommen, allein aus der Rauhtiefe des Anstrichuntergrundes ableiten. Vielmehr ist das Verhältnis Rauhtiefe zu Rauhbreite entscheidend.Die mit einem Anstrichmittel erreichbare Schichtdicke ist bedingt durch den Typ des Anstrichmittels, der Art der Anstrichtechnik, der Verarbeitung.Von besonderer Bedeutung ist die Messung der Schichtdicke. Die gebräuchlichsten Verfahren werden aufgeführt.An Hand der Untersuchungen von R. Pierce wird gezeigt, daß korrosionsschutz erst oberhalb einer Trockenschichtdicke von 125 μ möglich ist.
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