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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 214 (1967), S. 674-678 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] F-Statistics can be used to generalize models of genetic variation in natural populations. Models of this type can incorporate both selection and ...
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 209 (1966), S. 429-431 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Thus, Bodmer and Parsons5 concluded that "polymorphic over-dominant complexes have almost certainly evolved by the accumulation of linked interacting modifiers". Their theoretical analysis involved approximate solutions for the conditions and relative rates of gene frequency changes under one- and ...
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 221 (1969), S. 276-278 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1. Map of California showing phenotypic variation in fifteen representative samples of A. barbata. (Vicinity code: 1, Willits; 2, Hopland; 3, Oroville; 4, Santa ftosa; 5, Auburn; 6, San Francisco; 7, Santa Cruz; 8, Sonora; 9, Monterey; 10, Santa Maria; 11, Sequoia Natl. Forest; 12, Los Padres ...
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 217 (1968), S. 764-765 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] This basic model of Lewis and Crowe4 can be readily generalized for theoretical studies by simulation on digital computer. Assume that loci F and H are linked with recombination value c, hermaphrodites practise mixed selfing (s) and random outbreeding (t=1?s), and that Hh have higher self-fertility ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archiv der Mathematik 20 (1969), S. 17-23 
    ISSN: 1420-8938
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 38 (1968), S. 232-242 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die gemeinsamen Effekte der Koppelung, Inzucht und zufälligen genetischen Drift werden hinsichtlich der Populationsveränderung unter Selektion unter Einschluß von Geninterktionen untersucht. Für die Monte-Carlo-Simulationen wurde ein 6-Locus-Modell mit einem einheitlichen Ausmaß der Rekombination zwischen benachbarten Paaren von Loci, gemischter Selbstung und Panmixie und dreier Grundtypen der Selektion (heterotisch, optimalisierend und gemischt optimalisierend-heterotisch) benutzt. Die Ergebnisse werden in erster Linie in Termini der Gendispersion, der genetischen Variabilität, der Gameten-Unbalance (Koppelungs-Ungleichgewicht) und der Näherung an stabile Genfrequenz-Gleichgewichte beschrieben. Sowohl unter kumulativen wie auch unter diminutiven Heterosis-Modellen kann ein stabiler Zustand des Polymorphismus erreicht werden, wobei die zufällige Gendispersion klein ist und verschiedene wiederholte Populationen einen hohen Grad gametischer Unbalance entwickeln, die sich in einem Überschuß entweder der Attraktionsoder der Repulsionsphase in Abhängigkeit von der zufälligen Drift in der Genfrequenz äußert. Auf der anderen Seite erleiden alle Populationen unter dem Optimum-Modell einen stetigen Verfall in Richtung auf Fixierung aller Loci, obwohl die Gendispersion durch ziemlich komplexe Interaktionen zwischen Parametern für Selbstung, Koppelung und Selektionsintensitäten beeinflußt wird. Die Gendispersion war bei höherem Inzuchtgrad nicht notwendigerweise höher. In allen Läufen mit Optimum-Modellen, in denen sich die mittlere Populations-Fitness dem Wert 1 nähert, wurde ein Überschuß von Typen mit Repulsionskoppelung beobachtet, vor allem bei enger Koppelung und starker Inzucht. Jede Asymmetrie in dem Sinne, daß Selektion das eine oder das andere Allel begünstigt, begünstigt zugleich die Genfixierung besonders bei Vorliegen von Inzucht. Auf der anderen Seite scheint ein Heterozygotenvorteil hinsichtlich der Erhaltung der Heterozygotie eine relativ größere Rolle bei Vorliegen von Inzucht zu spielen. Gemischte Optimum-heterotische-Modelle liefern einen Kompromiß zwischen den divergierenden Attributen multilokaler Systeme hinsichtlich der Erhaltung der Polymorphismen und der Maximalisierung der Fitness im Vergleich zu bestimmten optimal gekoppelten Genkomplexen. Im allgemeinen stimmen diese Ergebnisse, wie erwartet, bei mittlerem bis großem Populationsumfang mit denen früher für deterministische 2-Locus-Modelle berichteten überein.
    Notes: Summary The joint effects of linkage, inbreeding, and drift due to finite population size were investigated in terms of population changes under selection involving gene interaction. Six-locus models with the same amount of recombination between adjacent pairs of loci, mixed selfing and random mating, and selection of basically three forms (heterotic, optimizing and mixed optimum-heterotic) were used for Monte Carlo simulation. The results were primarily described in terms of certain measures of gene dispersion, genetic variability, gametic unbalance (linkage disequilibrium) and the approach to stable gene frequency equilibria. Under both cumulative and diminutive heterosis models, a steady state with polymorphisms could be attained with random gene dispersion being small and different replicate populations evolved high degrees of gametic unbalance in the direction of excess of either coupling or repulsion phase linkages depending on the random drift in gene frequencies. Under optimum models, on the other hand, all populations approached steady decay toward fixation at all loci although gene dispersion was governed by rather complex interactions between the parameters of selfing, linkage and selection intensity. Gene dispersion was not necessarily proportionately greater with the higher levels of inbreeding. An excess of repulsion linkages with mean population fitness approaching unity was noted in all runs with the optimum models, more so with tight linkage and heavy inbreeding. Any asymmetry in the sense of selection favoring one or the other allele tends to reinforce gene fixation particularly under inbreeding. Heterozygote advantage, on the other hand, seemed to play a relatively greater role under inbreeding in terms of retaining heterozygosity. Mixed optimum-heterotic models provide a favorable compromise between these conflicting attributes of multilocus systems in terms of the maintenance of polymorphisms and the maximization of fitness in relation to certain optimal linked gene complexes. In general, for moderate to large population size these results are, as expected, in line with those reported previously for two-locus deterministic models.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Genetica 38 (1967), S. 355-374 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A bulk-hybrid population of barley (CC-XXI) was investigated for changes over a period of six generations, in (1) generation means and variances for three quantitative characters (2) phenotypic and genotypic frequencies at several marker loci and (3) the components of selection at several life cycle stages (germination and seedling survival, fertility, fecundity) for the dominant-recessive phenotypic classes at three of the above loci. The changes in mean and variance for the quantitative characters appeared to be due to both directional and stabilizing types of selection. The estimates of selective values from frequency data suggested heterozygote advantage along with unequal homozygote fitnesses at locuss and heterozygote disadvantage at locibl, r andv, from computations based on higher outcrossing rates in the presence of male-steriles. Of the components studied, fertility and fecundity appeared to account for a larger portion of the total selective differential than the pre-adult stages (germination and seedling establishment). Net selective values based on component analysis approximated the selective values obtained from the frequency data for locusr. For locis, andv, however, the two estimates were often quite different, although they generally agreed in direction. The discrepancies between the two sets of estimates were discussed in terms of the complexity of overall measures of fitness.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Genetica 38 (1967), S. 485-503 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The population behavior of a gametophytic factor (Ga) which involves gametic selection due to failure ofga pollen onGa Ga orGa ga styles in competition withGa pollen, was investigated by computer simulation. A constant versus randomly varying gametic selection parameter (k) and four different schemes of zygotic selection were introduced in this model for analyzing conditions favorable for the maintenance of locusGa polymorphic in a large, mixed selfing and random mating population. Stable polymorphism was obtained only with rather substantial heterozygote advantage at locusGa whereas the opposing pressures of gametic and zygotic selection yielded fixation of alleleGa orga around a critical value of k instead of a range of k-values allowing nontrivial equilibria. With weak selection and stochastic k, however, very slow rates of change in the genotypic proportions allowed transient polymorphism. In these cases, the rate of outcrossing (t) and the initial frequency ofGa were critical in determining the rate of allelic substitution. Moreover, low values of t allowed the replacement of alleleGa byga even with rather weak zygotic selection. These findings on the balance between gametic and zygotic selection and a markedly frequency-dependent process are briefly discussed in relation to the dynamics of similar factors involving the mating system.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1968), S. 130-136 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High frequency ultrasonic waves of frequency 1 Mc/s. have been employed to study the decolourization of dilute aqueous solution of crystal violet. The process is irreversible and the kinetic study shows it to be unimolecular one. The deaeration of the solution by nitrogen does not affect the rate of the decolourization. The addition of certain substances such as alcohol, acetone, ether, glycerine, dioxan and allylthiourea inhibits the decolourization to a considerable extent. Oxidation and subsequent destruction of the dye molecule has been found to be the cause of the fading of the dye solution.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1965-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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