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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 2 (1969), S. 419-425 
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 37 (1965), S. 1076-1078 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 3 (1966), S. 100-108 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Little is known about the behavior of dynamic systems with many intricately interacting parts, and about the factors which tend to affect their behavior in general, rather than detailed, ways. This paper describes a study of such systems built up out of unit elements which compute recursive logical functions. Each element has two binary inputs and a binary internal state which is also the element's output state. (Output of elements can be branched.) Recursion is introduced by letting the element's state at the next instant of system time (t+1) be a function of the present states of the two inputs as well as its internal state at the present system time (t). Hence, there are 256 different functions that can be computed, and a particular element's behavior is defined by the one function it computes. 100 identical elements connected at random constitute one system. 256 types of systems, corresponding to all the 256 logical functions, are studied by computer simulation, using five different sets of connections, starting the systems at ten randomly chosen initial system states. After being set at the initial state each system produces its behavior without further interference. We studied particularly the effects on these behaviors of those factors that might determine (i) how long a system would take to arrive at its terminal cycle and (ii) the size (periodicity) of the cycle shown terminally. Among the facts elicited, the following seem especially notable: 1. Such systems tend to end in a complex cycle of behavior. The very short cycle is by no means the common ending. 2. The style of behavior, apart from details, is often strikingly independent of the pattern of connection. 3. One of the factors markedly affecting the length of time before the terminal cycle can be detected by an observer is the extent to which the elements act as informational transmitters. 4. A factor strongly affecting the tendency to terminate in a very short cycle is the number of conditions in which the elements' states will remain unchanged at the next instant of time. 5. The use of elements whose transitions are highly dependent on the element's preceding states encourages short initial periods before the system reaches long terminal cycles. The significance of these facts for various applications in biological computers is discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Man weiß heute noch wenig über das Verhalten dynamischer Systeme, die aus vielen gegenseitig aufeinander einwirkenden Komponenten bestehen, und über die Faktoren, die ihr Verhalten im ganzen und nicht so sehr in Einzelheiten bestimmen. Diese Arbeit beschreibt eine Untersuchung solcher Systeme, die aus Einzelelementen aufgebaut sind, welche rekursive logische Funktionen berechnen. Jedes Element hat zwei binäre Eingänge und einen binären internen Zustand, der gleichzeitig den Ausgangszustand des Elements darstellt. Der Ausgang des Elements kann vervielfacht werden. Rekursion wird eingeführt, indem man den Zustand eines Elements im unmittelbar folgenden Moment der Systemzeit (t+1) abhängig macht sowohl von den beiden momentanen Eingangszuständen als auch von seinem momentanen internen Zustand zur Systemzeit (t). Daraus folgt, daß 256 verschiedene Funktionen berechnet werden können; ein Element wird dadurch bestimmt, daß es genau eine dieser Funktionen berechnet. 100 identische Elemente, von denen jedes dieselbe Funkion berechnet, stellen ein System dar. 256 verschiedenet Systemtypen, die mit den 256 logischen Funktionen übereinstimmen, werden mit Hilfe einer digitalen Rechenmaschine studiert, indem man 5 verschiedene Verbindungsarten benützt und das System in 10 beliebig gewählten Anfangszuständen beginnen läßt. Nachdem der Angangszustand einmal hergestellt ist, zeigt das System, ohne weiteren Eingriff von außen, das ihm eigene Verhalten. Wir haben uns besonders damit beschäftigt, die Einwirkung der Faktoren auf das Verhalten der Systeme zu studieren, die bestimmend sein könnten für (i) die Zeit, die ein System braucht, um seinen terminalen Cyclus zu erreichen, und (ii) die Länge der Periodizität des terminalen Cyclus. Unter den Ergebnissen der Untersuchung fallen die folgenden besonders auf: 1. Diese Systeme zeigen eine Tendenz, in einem komplizierten Verhaltungscyclus zu terminieren. Der sehr kurze terminale Cyclus ist keineswegs die Regel. 2. Der Verhaltenstyp — von Einzelheiten abgesehen — ist oft überraschend unabhängig von den Verbindungen. 3. Ein entscheidender Faktor für die Länge der Zeit, bevor ein Terminalcyclus festgestellt werden kann, ist das Ausmaß, in dem die Elemente informationsverarbeitend wirken. 4. Ein Faktor, der die Tendenz zu einem sehr kurzen Terminalcyclus maßgeblich beeinflußt, ist die Anzahl der Bedingungen, unter denen die Zustände der Elemente bei aufeinanderfolgenden Zeitintervallen unverändert bleiben. 5. Elemente, deren Übergänge von ihrem vorhergehenden Zustand abhängig sind, begünstigen kurze Einschwingperioden vor langen Terminalcyclen. Die Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse in ihrer Anwendung auf biologische informationsverarbeitende Systeme wird besprochen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 25 (1969), S. 395-396 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An expression is obtained for the spherically averaged acoustic phonon polarization and velocity factor found in theories of 1-phonon thermal diffuse scattering that is valid for all real cubic crystals and easy to evaluate numerically. A comparison with the usual approximate form shows appreciable discrepancies for very anisotropic materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 209 (1966), S. 182-183 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] For a reaction to be quasi-instantaneous, free energy must decrease and some of the heat liberated must remain in the system, thereby increasing temperature and rate of reaction. If, therefore, phase transitions are a source of seismic energy, mineral phases in the mantle must become metastable ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 212 (1966), S. 533-534 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] pp'-DDT, purified by recrystallization, was mixed with a cage bird rearing food in concentrations of 75, 150, 300, 600 and 1,200 p.p.m. by weight. As the rearing food provided only 14 per cent of the total diet the approximate experimental dietary concentrations were 10, 21, 42, 84 and 168 p.p.m. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Sedimentology 4 (1965), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Results from modern and ancient sediments suggest that a boron-illite equilibrium, reflecting salinity, is established at the time of deposition. This condition is not appreciably changed by subsequent processes of diagenesis and lithification. Equivalent boron in thirteen samples, from two augerholes through Dovey Estuary sediments, ranges between 260 p.p.m. and 370 p.p.m. and averages 336 ± 29 p.p.m. (95% confidence limits).Salinity conditions in the present estuary vary greatly. A very significant direct correlation exists between equivalent boron and inferred depositional salinity of Dovey Estuary sediments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 206 (1965), S. 607-609 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A re-examination of the analyses quoted by Bugry and Shaw, that is Grim et al.4 Nagelschmidt and Hick5, Mackenzie6 and Candy7, together with further analyses of illite type minerals quoted by Nagelschmidt and Hick5 and Deer et al.8 (Table 1), shows that the correlation between iron and potassium is ...
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 6 (1968), S. 3059-3073 
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Homopolymers and copolymers of fumaronitrile, maleonitrile, and succinonitrile have been prepared by using medium high temperature free-radical initiators. Black, nonfusible but soluble polymers were obtained. The spectroscopic and chemical evidence indicated a structure containing α-pyrrolenine rings and no free nitrile groups in the fumaronitrile and maleonitrile polymers and 1-pyrroline rings and free nitrile groups in the succinonitrile polymers. The polymers possessed good thermal stability, free spin concentration of 1017-1018 spins/g, and an ac conductivity at room temperature in nitrogen of 10-6 to 10-8 ohm-1 cm-1.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1969-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0024-9297
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5835
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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