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  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
  • 1965-1969  (45)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 527-530 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using energetic considerations, ketonic structures are postulated for the [M—olefin]+ fragments derived from alkoxybenzenes, alkylthiobenzenes and 9-ethoxyanthracene. Experimentally determined heats of formation for the tautomeric molecular ions derived from anthrone and 9-anthrol differ by 37 Kcal. mole-1.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 935-945 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An attempt has been made to correlate the fragmentation modes and structure of costunolide and some lactones derived from it, containing a ten-membered carbocyclic system. The possible origins for the major fragments have been determined, using high resolution mass spectrometry and deuterium labelling.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 87-113 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The thermal excitation energy of molecules greatly influences multistep degradation reactions of aliphatic compounds in the mass spectrometer. Molecules very often obtain their thermal excitation energy only within the ion source by wall collisions. Since it is not usually possible to keep the ion source temperature entirely constant the peak intensities in the spectra of one and the same compound differ considerably. Attention should be paid to this fact in the preparation of mass spectra collections.Multistep degradation reactions may be influenced by reduction of the electron energy and the ion source temperature such that only primary degradation products are preferentially formed. The interpretation of such spectra is easier. This technique was used to study the fragmentation reactions of bi-functional aliphatic compounds. It was shown that nearly all fragments can be deduced from molecular ion species, ionized at one or other functional group. Depending on the amount of fragments produced by ionization at the functional group it is possible to compare the iniluence of the various substituents on the fragmentation, and to rank them according to their increasing influence on the fragmentation as shown:
    Notes: Die thermische Anregungsenergie der Moleküle beeinflußt mehrstufige Abbaureaktionen aliphatischer Verbindungen im massenspektrometer sehr stark. Thermische Anregung erhalten die Moleküle vielfach erst durch Wandstöße in der Ionenquelle. Da in den Wenigsten Fällen die Ionenquellentemperature völlig konstant gehalten werden kann, unterscheiden sich Spektren ein und derselben Verbindung oft in ihren Intensitätwerten voneinander. Diesem Umstand sollte bei der Anlage von Spektrensammlungen Rechnung getragen werden.Durch Erniedrigung von Elektronenenergie und Ionenquellentemperatur lassen sich mehrstufige Abbaureaktionen os lenken, daß vorzugsweise nur primäre Spaltprodukte entstehen. Die Spektren werden dadurch qualitativ besser auswertbar. Bie Anwendung dieses Verfahrens auf bifunktionelle aliphatische Verbindungen Können nahezu sämtliche Spaltstücke ovn Molekülionenspezies abgeleitet werden, die an der einen oder anderen funktionellen Gruppe ionisiert wurden. Je nach der Mange der durch Ionisation an einer der Gruppen entstandenen Fragmente kann man daher den Einfluß der Substituenten miteinander vergleichen und diese nach steigender Einflußnahme auf die Bruchstückbildung in einer Reihen anordnen. Es ergibt sich danach etwa die folgende Reihung:
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1315-1316 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Metastable ions confirm the rearrangement of the [M — H]+ ion from trimethylphosphine and trimethylamine to give [C3H5]+. Two-carbon fragments are seen but their origin is indeterminate. Extensive loss of H2 occurs, confirmed by metastable ions, but not of CH2.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Activation energies Eα and free enthalpies of activation ΔG
    Notes: Mittels der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Protonenresonanzsignale wurden für 1.3-Dioxane, 1.3-Oxathiane und 1.3-Dithiane mit ein und zwei Paaren geminaler Methylsubstituenten Geschwindigkeitskonstante k, freie Aktivierungsenthalpie ΔG
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The ring inversion of cyclohexane derivatives with one, two and three pairs of geminal methyl and alkoxyl groups has been studied by investigations of the temperature dependence of the NMR signals.The rate of the inversion depends on the number and the relative positions of the ligand pairs as well as on their size. A single pair of geminal ligands has only a very slight effect on the inversion rate. Two ligand pairs hinder the inversion when they are in the 1 and 4 positions relative to one another, but facilitate it when they are in the 1 and 3 positions. In both cases the effects are smaller with methoxyl groups than with methyl groups.Three ligand pairs significantly increase the inversion rate when they are in the 1, 3 and 5 positions, but reduce it when they are in the 1, 2 and 4 positions.The effect of 1,3 substituents is attributed to an increase in the energy of the ground state of the molecules whereas the effect of 1,4 arranged substituents is attributed to an increase in the energy of the transition state of the chair inversion.
    Notes: Mittels der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Protonenresonanzsignale wurde die sesselinversion von Cyclohexanderivaten mit ein, zwei und drei Paaren geminaler Methyl- und Alkoxylgruppen untersucht.Die Geschwindigkeit der Sesselinversion hängt von der Zahl und der relativen Stellung der Ligandenpaare sowie von der Größe der Liganden ab.Ein Paar geminaler Liganden verändert die Inversionsgeschwindigkeit nur unwesentlich.Zwei Liganden-Paare erschweren die Inversion, wenn sie in 1- und 4-Position zueinander stehen, erleichtern sie jedoch, wenn die in 1- und 3-Position zueinander angeordnet sind. Beide Effekte sind bei Methoxylgruppen kleiner als bei Methylgruppen.Drei Liganden-Paare erhöhen die Umklapphäufigkeit besonders stark, wenn sie in 1-, 3- und 5- Position zueinander stehen, vermindern sie hingegen, wenn sie in 1-, 2- und 4-Position angeordnet sind.Der Effekt 1,3-ständiger Substituenten wird auf Erhöhung des Energieinhaltes des Grundzustandes der Molekeln, der Effekt 1,4-ständiger Substituenten auf Erhöhung des Energieinhaltes des Übergangszustandes der Sesselinversion zuriückgeführt.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: For the interpretation of experimental data on the activation energy and free activation enthalpy for the inversion of cyclohexane and its di-, tetra- and hexa-methyl derivatives, model calculations were made to determine the ‘relative’ energies of the ground, intermediate and transition states of the molecules. For this purpose Hendrickson's model was extended so that with internal molecular variables (bond lengths, valence and torsional angles) the topography and the ‘relative’ energy of every possible unsymmetrical conformation could be included.To obtain optimal agreement between the calculated values and the experimental results a total of 17 different combinations of potential functions for deformation of valence angles, torsional angles and H—H interactions were used. By application of the extended calculating procedure it was found that for cyclohexane the half-chair conformation is not, as until now assumed, the only transition conformation in chair inversion, but that there are numerous other unsymmetrical transition conformations with similar energies.The calculations for methyl cyclohexanes showed that for molecules with synaxial arrangement of methyl groups the relative energy of the chair form is considerably increased. The chair form is however still the most stable, even in the case of 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethylcyclohexane. The most favourable twist conformations are about 2.6 to 6.5 kcal/mole energy richer.Calculation of activation energies showed that, with synaxial arrangement of two or more methyl groups, the relative energy of the transition conformation is less markedly increased than is that of the ground state, with the result that the activation energy is reduced in comparison with that for cyclohexane.
    Notes: Zur Interpretation der experimentell bestimmten Werte der Aktivierungsenergie bzw. der freien Aktivierungsenthalpie der Ringinversion wurden für Cyclohexan, 1,1-Dimethyl-, 1,1,3,3- und 1,1,4,4-Tetramethyl- sowie 1,1,3,5,5-Hexamethylcyclohexan Modellberechnungen des ‘relativen’ Energieinhalts von Grund-, Zwischen- und Übergangskonformationen durchgeführt. Dazu wurde das Hendrickson'sche Rechenmodell so erweitert, daß mit molekülinternen Variablen (Bindungsabständen, Valenz- und Torsionswinkeln) die Topographie und der ‘relative Energieinhalt’ jeder beliebigen unsymmetrischen Konformation berechnet warden können.Zur optimalen Anpassung der berechneten Daten an die experimentellen Ergebnisse wurden insgesamt 17 verschiedene Kombinationen von Potentialfunktionen für Deformation von Valenzund Torsionswinkeln und H—H-Wechselwirkung verwendet.Bei Anwendung des erweiteren Rechenverfahrens auf die Cyclohexanmolekel ergab sich, daß die halbsesselähnliche Konformation nicht, wie bisher angenommen, einzige Übergangskonformation der Sesselinversion ist, vielmehr gibt es außerdem unendlich viele unsymmetrische Übergangskon-formationen gleichen Energieinhalts. Die Rechnungen ergaben für die Methylcyclohexane, daß bei Molekülen mit synaxialer Anordnung von Methylgruppen der relative Energieinhalt des Sessels zwar stark angehoben ist, der Sessel ist jedoch in allen Fällen selbst bei den Molekeln des 1,1,3,3,5,5-Hexamethylcyclohexans die stabilste Konformation. Die günstigsten Twistkonformationen sind um 2,6 bis 6,5 kcal/mol energiereicher. Bei der Berechnung der Aktivierungsenergie wurde gefunden, daß bei synaxialer Stellung von mindestens zwei Methylgruppen der relative Energieinhalt der Übergangskonformation weniger stark angehoben ist als derjenige der Sesselform, wodurch die Aktivierungsenergie im Vergleich zum Cyclohexan erniedrigt wird; bei 1,4-Stellung der Substituenten wird dagegen der relative Energieinhalt der Übergangskonformation stärker angehoben als der des Grundzustandes, die Aktivierungsenergie wird erhöht.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The confromations of the unsaturated seven membered ring in 4,4,6,6-tetradeuterium-1,2-benzocycloheptene-(1) (1) and five benzocycloheptene derivatives were determined by NMR spectroscopy. For all investigated compounds at -80°C only one conformer was present in detectable quantity. By analysis of the NMR data - molecular symmetry, coupling constants and chemical shift - it can be shown that the conformation is always the chair form. The free conformational enthalpy of both the other conformations with boat or twist form of the ring is for all six compounds more than 1.8 kcal/mole.The experimental results agree with those from model calculations: thus for benzocycloheptene, the 5,5-dimethyl derivative (2) and the 4,4,6,6-tetramethyl derivative (4) the lowest energy was found for the chair conformation; the second most stable conformations were found to be the boat for 1 and 4, and the twist form for 2.
    Notes: Für 4.4.6.6-Tetradeuterium-1.2-benzocyclohepten-(1) (1) und fünf Benzocyclo-heptenderivate wurde PR-specktroskopisch die Konformation des ungesättigten Siebenringes bestimmt. Bei allen untersuchten Verbindungen liegt bei -80° nur ein Konformeres in nachweisbarer Menge vor. Durch Auswertung PR-spektroskopisch bestimmter Daten - Molekel-Symmetrie, Kopplungskonstanten, chemische Verschiebungen - kann gezeigt werden, daß dieses Konformere Sesselform hat. Die freie Konformationsenthalpie der beiden anderen Konformeren mit Wannen- bzw. Twist-Form des Siebenringes beträgt bei allen sechs Verbindungen mehr als 1,8 kcal/Mol.Mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen stimmen diejenigen von Modellrechnungen überein: Für die Molekeln des Benzocycloheptens sowie des 5.5-Dimethylderivates (2) und der 4.4.6.6-Tetramethylverbindung (4) wurde für die Sesselkonformation der niedrigste Energieinhalt berechnet; als zweitstabilste Konformation wurde bei 1 und 4 die Wanne, bei 2 hingegen die Twist-Form ermittelt.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 567-581 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of twenty one C-19 modified cholesteryl derivatives have been determined and compared with results for related systems. In the case when the hydrogen(s) of the C-19 group have been replaced by other groups the metastable evidence shows that in those molecules with a C-3 hydroxyl group the loss of water followed by the loss of the C-19 group gives rise to an intense ion at m/e 353, whereas the loss of the C-19 group with hydrogen transfer to the ion, followed by the loss of water gives rise to the large ion at m/e 354. In contrast in the case of the C-3 acetates the main fragmentation is the loss of acetic acid followed by the loss of the C-19 group to give the ion at m/e 353. This is rationalised on the basis of results observed in other systems. In the case of the C-3 tosylates evidence for pyrolysis before electron impact fragmentation is presented. The subsequent fragmentation of the large ions at m/e 354, 353 and other m/e values in the high mass region is shown to be in line with earlier work.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 583-592 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Skeletal rearrangement processes of the general type \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm ABC}^{\mathop {\rm + }\limits_{\rm .} } {\rm } \to {\rm AC}^{\mathop {\rm + }\limits_{\rm .} } {\rm + B} $\end{document} in which HCN is eliminated and also bond-forming reactions involving intramolecular aromatic substitution occur in aromatic azines upon electron impact. In addition, hydrogen rearrangements can lead to abundant benzonitrile and benzalimine molecular ions and their substituted analogues. The abundant [M—1] ions are predominantly formed by loss of the methine hydrogen preceded by complete scrambling of the aromatic and methine hydrogens. The similarities between the processes occurring in azines and those in anils, both in their normal bond cleavages and in some bond-forming reactions are emphasized.
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