ALBERT

Notizen: One of the problems of a theory of integration consists in the difficulty to define ‘integration’ itself. The theory of international trade can hardly provide such a definition, for the problem of integration are related to the various fields of theory. The author defines integration as the merger of two or more national economies. In such an integrated economy some of the national public offices must be joint together in order to solve the problems of the whole integrated area. This is the reason why the author prefers an ‘institutional’ to a ‘functional’ solution.The way the economies are integrated depends on their structure. The present-day problem is the integration of ‘mixed’ economies of the western Europe type. The most important requirements of a total integration are: (1) giving up the internal border-lines, (2) centralization of the national policies and erecting a joint legal constitution, (3) assimiliation of the national economic structures.The examination of the political and economic consequences of integration shows that uniting several economies into one is possible without complete political union. The process of economic integration is autonomous and can be pushed forward isolatedly. But it is not possible as yet to give exact details about the economic effects of integration.

Notizen: Longissimus dorsi (two positions), biceps femoris, gluteus medius, and rectus femoris muscles from 16 Charolais-Hereford crossbred and 16 Hereford straightbred heifers on supplements of Vitamin A ranging from 0 to 6000 I.U. per lb ration were analyzed in the raw state. From 12 of the Charolais-Hereford crossbred and 12 of the Hereford straight-bred carcasses, loin steaks at three positions within the longissimus dorsi muscle were analyzed after cooking. Phosphorylated compounds having absorbance at 248 mμ, hypoxanthine-uric acid, pH, and total moisture were determined in both raw and cooked tissue.In raw tissue, phosphorylation was higher and hypoxanthine-uric acid was lower for longissimus dorsi than for the other muscles (P 〈 .01). Differences between two positions in longissimus dorsi muscle were statistically nonsignificant. Significant differences (P 〈 .05) were found for hypoxanthine-uric acid and pH among Vitamin A supplements by analysis of variance techniques. Charolais-Hereford crossbred heifers tended to have larger quantities of hypoxanthine-uric acid than did Hereford straightbred heifers.In cooked loin steaks a breed × vitamin supplement linear interaction was significant (P 〈 .051 for hypoxanthine-uric acid, pH, and intensity of flavor and a quadratic trend (P 〈 .05) for total moisture. Among steak positions, hypoxanthine-uric acid differences were significant (P 〈 .011 and there was a significant linear trend (P 〈 .01) for hypoxanthine-uric acid, pH, total moisture and intensity of flavor and also a linear trend (P 〈 .05) for juiciness. There was a significant vitamin × position interaction (P 〈 .011 and breed × vitamin × position intertction (P 〈 .011) for hypoxanthine-uric acid.Cooked loin steaks from Charolais-Hereford crossbred heifers had slightly higher apparent IMP and hypoxanthine-uric acid values than steaks from Hereford straightbred carcasses. Average flavor desirability scores were slightly higher for Hereford straightbred heifers than for the Charolais-Hereford crossbreds, although the differences were not found statistically significant.Total moisture and average juiciness sensory scores were significantly different (respectively P 〈 .01 and P 〈 .05) among loin steak positions.Size and location of muscle within the carcass, cooling rate, pH of tissue, inter-and intramuscular fat, and lean muscle mass are some factors believed to affect nucleotide degradation and content of hypoxanthine-uric acid.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Merozoites from Plasmodiunz gallinaceum (exoerythrocytic forms) have been observed with the electron microscope in thin sections of infected tissue cultures. When still in segmenter formation, at the end of the intracellular cycle, a small canaliculum can be observed in their proximal part which runs from the nuclear region down into the cytoplasmic core of the segmenter, where, in some sections, it continues directly into the endoplasmic reticulum of the core.Large, vacuole-like empty spaces in the merozoites recall swollen mitochondria. They show short villi at the periphery, instead of the typical cristae; they resemble the mitochondria of starved tissue cells.In the distal pole of the merozoites, one or two oval bodies of great electron density are present, among several smaller granules, both structures still being of unknown significance. The rest of the cytoplasm is of great electron density and shows a fine granulation.In the young trophozoites the oval bodies and the smaller granules disappear. Also, mitochondria are not found just after parasites enter a cell. These, however, reappear soon.The contact of the trophozoites with the cytoplasm of the host is intimate. Both surface membranes of the parasite are visible, mostly intact, but showing also openings which are considered artifacts, since no images have been obtained which indicate a passage of material through them from the host to the parasite. It is believed, however, that the parasite takes up material from the host through the membranes by an osmotic process. The fading of the electron density and the greater distance between the particles of its cytoplasm in the growing parasite seem to prove this. The particles which are responsible for the electron density of the merozoites, and of the young trophozoites, do not differ in their aspect from the RNA particles of the host cells.The nucleus, which in the merozoites and in the very first intracellular stages shows a homogenous fine and dense granulation, develops a darker region later, of irregular shape, which is located eccentrically, and is considered the nucleolus of these forms.