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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and Characterization of the Geometric and Structural Isomers of 3,7-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatrienoic Acid. I (1960)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 82 (1960), S. 1413-1416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01491a033
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TROPICAL DEFORESTATION AND THE GLOBAL CARBON BUDGET (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 21 (1996), S. 293-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The CO2 concentration of the atmosphere has increased by almost 30% since 1800. This increase is due largely to two factors: the combustion of fossil fuel and deforestation to create croplands and pastures. Deforestation results in a net flux of carbon to the atmosphere because forests contain 20-50 times more carbon per unit area than agricultural lands. In recent decades, the tropics have been the primary region of deforestation. The annual rate of CO2 released due to tropical deforestation during the early 1990s has been estimated at between 1.2 and 2.3 gigatons C. The range represents uncertainties about both the rates of deforestation and the amounts of carbon stored in different types of tropical forests at the time of cutting. An evaluation of the role of tropical regions in the global carbon budget must include both the carbon flux to the atmosphere due to deforestation and carbon accumulation, if any, in intact forests. In the early 1990s, the release of CO2 from tropical deforestation appears to have been mostly offset by CO2 uptake occurring elsewhere in the tropics, according to an analysis of recent trends in the atmospheric concentrations of O2 and N2. Interannual variations in climate and/or CO2 fertilization may have been responsible for the CO2 uptake in intact forests. These mechanisms are consistent with site-specific measurements of net carbon fluxes between tropical forests and the atmosphere, and with regional and global simulations using process-based biogeochemistry models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.21.1.293
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A REVIEW OF NATIONAL EMISSIONS INVENTORIES FROM SELECT NON-ANNEX I COUNTRIES: Implications for Counting Sources and Sinks of Carbon1 (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 24 (1999), S. 571-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A total of 176 countries have ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, thereby agreeing to limit emissions of greenhouse gases that threaten to interfere with the Earth's climate. While compliance procedures are being developed, the best indicators of implementation of the Convention are the emissions inventories of greenhouse gases that member countries must submit to the Convention as part of their national communications. We review some of the first emissions inventories from non-Annex I (developing) countries. We focus on land-use change and forestry because these activities are responsible for the major emissions of carbon in many non-Annex I parties, and because they are the only activities with the potential to remove carbon from the atmosphere and sequester it on land. The review shows first, that some developing countries have already begun to reduce emissions and second, that there are significant discrepancies between the data used in the emissions inventories and the data available in international surveys. Conceptual uncertainties also exist, such as distinguishing anthropogenic from nonanthropogenic sinks of carbon, and these will require political rather than scientific resolution. We discuss several options for counting terrestrial sources and sinks of carbon in light of the Kyoto Protocol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.24.1.571
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emissions of carbon from forestry and land-use change in tropical Asia (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The net emissions of carbon from forestry and changes in land use in south and southeast Asia were calculated here with a book-keeping model that used rates of land-use change and associated per hectare changes in vegetation and soil to calculate changes in the amount of carbon held in terrestrial ecosystems and wood products. The total release of carbon to the atmosphere over the period 1850–1995 was 43.5 PgC. The clearing of forests for permanent croplands released 33.5 PgC, about 75% of the total. The reduction of biomass in the remaining forests, as a result of shifting cultivation, logging, fuelwood extraction, and associated regrowth, was responsible for a net loss of 11.5 PgC, and the establishment of plantations withdrew from the atmosphere 1.5 PgC, most of it since 1980. Based on comparisons with other estimates, the uncertainty of this long-term flux is estimated to be within ±30%. Reducing this uncertainty will be difficult because of the difficulty of documenting the biomass of forests in existence 〉40 years ago. For the 15-y period 1981–1995, annual emissions averaged 1.07 PgC y–1, about 50% higher than reported for the 1980s in an earlier study. The uncertainty of recent emissions is probably within ± 50% but could be reduced significantly with systematic use of satellite data on changes in forest area. In tropical Asia, the emissions of carbon from land-use change in the 1980s accounted for approximately 75% of the region’s total carbon emissions. Since 1990 rates of deforestation and their associated emissions have declined, while emissions of carbon from combustion of fossil fuels have increased. The net effect has been a reduction in emissions of CO2 from this region since 1990.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00244.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Land-use change and the carbon cycle (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Global change biology 1 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Changes in land use between 1850 and 1980 are estimated to have increased the global areas in croplands, pastures, and shifting cultivation by 891, 1308, and 30 × 106 ha, respectively, reducing the area of forests by about 600 × 106 ha, releasing about 100 PgC to the atmosphere, and transferring about 23 PgC from live vegetation to dead plant material and wood products. Another 1069 × 106 ha are estimated to have been logged during this period, and the net release of carbon from the combined processes of logging and regrowth contributed 23 PgC to the 100-PgC release. Annual rates of land-use change and associated emissions of carbon have decreased over the last several decades in temperate and boreal zones and have increased in the tropics. The average release of carbon from global changes in land use over the decade of the 1980s Is estimated to have been 1.6 ± 0.7 PgC y−1 almost entirely from the tropics. This estimate of carbon flux is higher than estimates reported in recent summaries because it is limited here to studies concerned only with changes in land use. Other recent analyses, based on data from forest inventories, have reported net accumulations of carbon as high as 1.1 PgC y−1 in temperate and boreal zones. Because the accumulation of carbon in forests may result from natural processes unrelated to land-use change, estimates based on these inventories should be distinguished from estimates based on changes in land use. Both approaches identify terrestrial sinks of carbon. The argument is made here, however, that differences between the two approaches may help identify the location and magnitude of heretofore ‘missing’ sinks. Before different estimates can be used in this way, analyses must consider similar geographical regions and dates, and they must account for the accumulation and loss of carbon in forest products in a consistent fashion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00026.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Additions and Corrections - Synthesis and Characterization of the Geometric and Structural Isomers of 3,7-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatrienoic Acid I. (1960)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 82 (1960), S. 6429-6429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01509a622
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of Respiratory Quinones in 2,5-di- tert -amyl- p -benzoquinone-sensitive and -resistant Bacteria (1965)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 205 (1965), S. 1032-1033 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The susceptibility to 2,5-di-tert-amyl-p-benzoquinone (DAQ) of a number of strains of bacteria, the content of ubiquinone and vitamin K of which was known, was discovered by plating suitable dilutions of broth cultures on trypticase soy agar (Baltimore Biological Laboratory, Inc.) containing a ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2051032b0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of the Bacteriostatic Component of ‘Scotch’ Brand of Cellulose Adhesive Tape (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 203 (1964), S. 100-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The anti-staphylococcal component was extracted from the tape by a number of organic solvents, but not by water. For chromatography, approximately 30 g of tape was extracted with 100 ml. of boiling alcohol and the extract concentrated to a final volume of about 10 ml. About 0.2 ml. of extract was ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/203100a0
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacteriostasis of Staphylococcus aureus by a Volatile Component of ‘Scotch’ Brand Cellulose Adhesive Tape (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 201 (1964), S. 1346-1347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The inhibitory effect was conveniently demonstrated by placing a strip of the tape, adhesive side uppermost, in the inverted lid of a nutrient agar plate inoculated with 0.1 ml. of a 10-5 dilution of an overnight culture of Staphylococcus aureus E7169. After approximately 20 h incubation at 37 C, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2011346a0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tropical deforestation and atmospheric carbon dioxide (1991)
    Springer
    Climatic change 19 (1991), S. 99-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent estimates of the net release of carbon to the atmosphere from deforestation in the tropics have ranged between 0.4 and 2.5 × 1015 g yr−1. Two things have happened to require a revision of these estimates. First, refinements of the methods used to estimate the stocks of carbon in the vegetation of tropical forests have produced new estimates that are intermediate between the previous high and low estimates of carbon stocks. When these revised estimates were used here to calculate the emissions of carbon from deforestation, the new range was 1.0–2.0 × 1015 g C. Second, the previous range of estimates of flux was based on rates of deforestation in 1980. Myers' recent estimate of the rates of tropical deforestation in 1989 is about 90% higher than the rates just 10 years ago. When these recent rates were used to calculate the current net flux of carbon to the atmosphere, the range was between 1.6 and 2.7 × 1015 g C. Other uncertainties expanded this range, however, to 1.1–3.6 × 1015 g C yr−1. Three factors contributed about equally to the expanded range: rates of deforestation, the fate of deforested lands (permanent or temporary clearing), and carbon stocks of forests, including anthropogenic reductions of carbon stocks within forests (thinning or degradation).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00142217
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