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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zoomorphology 79 (1974), S. 133-153 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung der Prosomadrüsen der Spinnmilben Bryobia praetiosa, Bryobia rubrioculus und Tetranychus urticae (Tetranychidae, Trombidiformes) erbrachte die folgenden Ergebnisse 1. Im Prosoma liegen eine unpaare Tracheendruse mit eigenem Ausführgang und drei paarige Drüsen, die über einen gemeinsamen Sammelkanal, den podocephalischen Kanal, entleert werden. Zwei der podocephalischen Drüsen, die ventrale und die dorsale podocephalische Drüse, sind acinös, die dritte tubulös. 2. Die tubuläre Drüse ist eine Coxaldrüse. Sie haft sich in drei Abschnitte gliedern: proximalen Tubulus, Zwischenstuck and distalen Tubulus. Die einzelnen Abschnitte zeigen die fur transportaktive Zellen charakteristischen Feinstrukturen wie apikale Einstülpüngen und basale Zellwandeinfaltungen in unterschiedlichem Maße. Ein Sacculus ist nicht nachweisbar. 3. Die acinösen podocephalischen Drüsen enthalten zahlreiche Protein- Granula. Sie zeigen die feinstrukturellen Besonderheiten, die für proteinsynthetisierende Zellen typisch sind: große Nucleoli, große Mengen von Ribosomen, die bei der dorsalen Drüse meist an ER gebunden sind, während sie bei der ventralen vorwiegend frei im Cytoplasma liegen. 4. Die Tracheendrüse setzt sich aus zahlreichen Zellen zusammen, die untereinander durch Ausläufer stark verschränkt sind. In den Zellen liegen kleine helle Sekreteinschlüsse. 5. Neben den genannten Drüsen besitzt Tetranychus urticae ein weiteres Paar großer, einzelliger Drüsen, die an der Pedipalpenspitze ausmunden. Die Drüsenzellen sind fast völlig von großen Vakuolen ausgefiillt, die ebenfalls ein Eiweißsekret enthalten. 6. Diese Drüse ist die Spinndrüse. Ihr Sekret wird als Faden mit Hilfe einer hohlen Borste an jeder Pedipalpenspitze abgegeben. Drüse and Borste fehlen den nichtspinnenden Bryobia praetiosa und Bryobia rubrioculus.
    Notes: Summary The prosomal glands of the spider mites Bryobia praetiosa, Bryobia rubrioculus and Tetranychus urticae (Tetranychidae, Trombidiformes) were investigated with the light and electron microscopes. The following results were obtained: 1. An unpaired tracheal gland with its own secretory duct and three paired glands with a common duct, the podocephalic canal, are found in the prosoma. Two of the podocephalic glands, the ventral and dorsal, are acinous; the third is tubulous. 2. The tubular gland is a coxal gland. It can be divided into three parts: proximal tubule, intercalated segment and distal tubule. The individual parts exhibit to varying degrees the fine structure characteristic of transport-active cells, e.g. apical and basal invaginations. A saccule is not present. 3. The acinous podocephalic glands contain numerous protein granules. The secretory cells exhibit the fine structure which characterizes protein-secreting cells: big nucleoli, large amounts of ribosomes, which in the dorsal gland are usually attached to ER-membranes but occur freely in the cytoplasm of the ventral gland. 4. The tracheal gland consists of numerous cells, which are connected laterally by numerous interdigitations. The cytoplasm contains small pale secretory inclusions. 5. In addition to the above glands, Tetranychus urticae possesses an additional pair of large unicellular glands that open out at the tip of the pedipalpus. The glandular cells are almost completely filled with large vacuoles, which also contain a proteinaceous secretory product. 6. This gland is the silk gland. Its secretory product forms a thread which extends from the tip of each pedipalpus with the aid of a hollow hair. Gland and hair are absent in Bryobia praetiosa and B. rubrioculus which do not form webs.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zumammenfassung Die Seitenorgane (Amphiden) von Tobrilus aberrans stellen Einstülpungen der Epidermis dar, an die basal 16 Dendriten herantreten, die apikal je eine modifizierte Cilie tragen. Die Epidermiseinstülpung ist distal (im Bereich von Fovea und Canalis) cuticularisiert. Die Cuticula in diesem Bereich weist Bauunterschiede zu der der Körperoberfläche auf. Im Bereich des Fusus findet sick keine Cuticula. Die 16 Cilien der Dendriten treten über den Canalis in die Fovea ein und weisen auf verschiedener Entfernung von ihrer Insertion einen unterschiedlichen Querschnitt auf. Im Fusus sind sie nach dem 9×2+0-System aufgebaut, weiter distal verlieren sie die Ordnung ihrer Binnenstruktur und ihren kreisförmigen Querschnitt. Die Fovea wird vom Corpus gelatum ausgefüllt, das nicht aus der Apertura heraustritt.
    Notes: Summary The lateral organs (amphids) of Tobrilus aberrans, invaginations of the epidermis, are at their base in association with 16 dendrites, each of which has one modified cilium. The epidermal invagination is lined distally (in the region of fovea and canalis) by a cuticle, which differs in its ultrastructure from the cuticle covering the surface of the body. In the region of the fusus the cuticle is lacking. The 16 dendritec cilia enter the fovea via the canalis and exhibit differing cross-sections if cut at various distances from their origin. In the fusus they are constructed according to a 9 × 2 + 0 pattern; this order is lost as they approach the canalis, in the fovea they additionally loose the circular outline of their cross-section. The fovea is filled by the corpus gelatum which does not extend beyond the apertura.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zoomorphology 66 (1970), S. 310-322 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Comparative finestructural studies on the integument of 18 polychaetes belonging to 14 families were conducted. Main differences are to be found in the organisation of the cytoplasm (homogenous or vacuolated) and the occurrence of layers of fibers between the apical microvilli.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 234-239 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stomochord ; Chorda dorsalis ; Enteropneusta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Stomochord von Harrimania kupfferi und Ptychodera flava, eine Ausbuchtung des Darmkanals der Enteropneusten, welche in das Präsoma hineinragt, besteht aus zwei Zelltypen: a) Epithelzellen, die durch Desmosomen verbunden sind und große Vakuolen besitzen; ihr distaler Zellsaum ist mit Mikrovilli und Zilien ausgestattet. b) Schleimzellen. An der Basis des Epithels kommen zahlreiche Nervenfasern vor, die Granula (Durchmesser etwa 1,500 Å) enthalten. Das Stomochord wird von einer Basallamina und Bindegewebsfasern umschlossen. Die Frage der Homologie des Stomochords mit der Chorda dorsalis wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The stomochord of Harrimania kupfferi and Ptychodera flava. a tubular structure which extends from the oral cavity into the presoma, consists of two cell types: a) epithelial cells interconnected by desmosomes, which bear at their apical pole a brush-border and cilia. The largest part of these cells is occupied by a voluminous vacuole; b) mucus cells. In addition, at the base of the epithelium numerous nerve fibres occur, which are characterized by electron dense granules of about 1,500 Å diameter. The whole stomochord is surrounded by a basement lamina and connective tissue fibres. The question of homology between stomochord and notochord is discussed.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Parasitology research 35 (1970), S. 67-75 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur der Körperwand der Sporozyste und des jungen Distomum von Leucochloridium paradoxum wurde mit dem Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Das Sporozystenintegument ist durch lange, verzweigte Mikrovilli gekennzeichnet. Die Epidermis-Perikarya, die sehr viel Glykogen und Lipid enthalten, sind versenkt. Dem Distomumintegument lagert eine Schicht faserigen und globulären Materials auf. Im Zytoplasma finden sich hantelförmige Sekretionsgranula und kristalloide Stacheln. Auch das Integument der jungen Distoma ist versenkt.
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the body wall of the sporocyst and young distomum of Leucochloridium paradoxum was examined with the electron microscope. The integument of the sporocyst which lacks the intestinal tract, is characterised by tall and branched microvilli as well as by perikarya which lie below the basal lamina. The latter are particularly rich in glycogen and lipid inclusions. The integument of the young distomum is surrounded by a thick layer of fibrous and globular material. The cytoplasm contains elongated secretory granules and crystalloid spines. The perikarya are again situated below the basal lamina.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 258-267 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sipunculids ; Regeneration ; Integument
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Zellen des Regenerationsstranges im Bauchmark von Phascolion strombi sind in erster Linie durch elektronendichte Einschlüsse gekennzeichnet, deren Durchmesser etwa 5000 Å betragen. Bei Introvertamputation wandern diese Zellen nach vorn und bilden eine kolbenförmige Gewebemasse. Die rundlichen Einschlüsse lösen sich auf, werden zu Fasern umgebildet und aus den Zellen in das Interstitium geschleust. Diese Wanderstadien der Regenerationszellen sind durch sehr viele Glykogenrosetten und Lipideinschlüsse gekennzeichnet. Im weiteren Verlauf entstehen zwischen den distalen Zellen des Regenerates Desmosomen. Über den mit Mikrovilli versehenen Zellapices bildet sich die Kutikula, die offenbar den Sekreteinschlüssen der Regenerationszellen entstammt. Im jungen Epithel fehlen die für Regenerationsstrang und Wanderstadien typischen Einschlüsse, sein Zytoplasma ist reich an granulärem endoplasmatischen Retikulum. Die neue Muskulatur entsteht aus Amöbozyten.
    Notes: Summary The cells of the regeneration string in the ventral nerve cord of Phascolion strombi are in particular characterised by electron dense granules of 5000 Å in diameter. Following amputation of the introvert these cells migrate anteriorly and form a clublike mass of tissue. At this stage they are strikingly rich in glycogen and lipid. The globular inclusions dissolve and transform into fibers which are extruded from the cell into the interstitial space. At later phases of development desmosomes form between the distal cells of the regenerative tissue. On top of the microvilli bearing apical cell poles a cuticle develops, obviously arising from the secretion granules of the regeneration cells. The new-formed epithelium lacks inclusion bodies which are typical for the regeneration string and the migrating cells, instead its cytoplasm is rich in rough E. R. profiles. The musculature is built up by amebocytes.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 94-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastropods ; Receptors ; Biogenic amines ; Transmitters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Osphradium, in den Kopfanhängen und im Sipho verschiedener Prosobranchia sowie in Rhinophoren und Rückenanhängen von Opisthobranchiern wurden fluoreszenzmikroskopisch Nervenfasern und -endigungen festgestellt. Diese aminergen Strukturen liegen stets an der Basis von Sinnesepithelien. Mit Hilfe unterschiedlicher Bedampfungsmethoden konnten sowohl 5-Hydroxytryptamin als auch Catecholamine nachgewiesen werden. HCl-Behandlung der Paraffinschnitte ergab, daß die Catecholamine aus Dopamin und sehr wahrscheinlich auch aus Noradrenalin bestehen. Diese lichtmikroskopischen Befunde wurden durch mikrospektrofluorimetrische Messungen von Excitationsspektren bestätigt.
    Notes: Summary In the osphradium, the cephalic tentacles and in the sipho of various prosobranch snails as well as in the rhinophores and dorsal appendages of opisthobranch snails, nerve-fibres and -endings have been demonstrated with the fluorescence microscope. These aminergic structures have been found constantly at the basis of sensory epithelia. By means of different types of vapour exposure 5-hydroxytryptamine and catecholamines were shown to be present. HCl treatment of the paraffin sections demonstrated that the catecholamines consist of dopamine and with a high degree of probability also of noradrenaline. These lightmicroscopical observations were confirmed by microspectrofluorimetric measurements of excitation spectra.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Turbellaria ; Receptors ; Epidermis ; Secretory cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Sinneskante des landlebenden Turbellars Bipalium kewense setzt sich aus folgenden Zellformen zusammen: Papillen und distaler Teil der Epithelfalten werden von einem versenkten Epithel bedeckt. Die distale Cytoplasmalage ist besonders dicht und durch ein tubuläres System gekennzeichnet, das offenbar aus dem Golgi-Apparat der Perikaryen hervorgegangen ist. Die Perikaryen sind tief versenkt und enthalten außer dem Kern granuläres ER, Mitochondrien, Golgi-Apparat und vor allem viel Glykogen. Die Epidermis ist zellig organisiert. In ihrem Bereich kommen drei Sekretzell-Formen vor, die ebenfalls weit in die unterlagernde Bindegewebs-Muskel-Lage hineinragen. Die Sinneskante ist durch zwei Receptor-Typen charakterisiert. Multipolare Zellen erreichen mit mehreren Dendriten die Körperoberfläche im Bereich der Papillen und dem äußeren Teil der Furchen des Kopfvorderrandes. Bipolare Zellen finden sich nur tief eingesenkt in den Sinnesgruben. In ihrem Bereich kommen keine Stützzellen vor. Außer durch die Gestalt sind beide Receptoren durch die Struktur ihrer Cilien unterschieden. Wabendesmosomen sind beiden gemeinsam.
    Notes: Summary The sensory border of the land-dwelling turbellarian Bipalium kewense consists of the following cell types: Papillae and distal part of the epithelial folds are covered by epithelial cells, the perikarya of which lie deeply below the basal lamina. Their distal cytoplasm is particularly dense and characterized by a tubular system, which obviously originates from the Golgi apparatus. The perikarya contain beside the nucleus mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and above all numerous glycogen particles. Within this cellular epidermis three types of secretory cells occur which also penetrate deeply into the underlying layer of connective and muscle tissues. The sensory border is marked by two types of receptor cells. In the area of the papillae and in the outer part of the furrows of the anterior rim of the head, multipolar cells extend several dendrites to the body surface. Bipolar cells have been observed only in the depth of the sensory grooves. In their surroundings no supportive cells occur. Except for their shape the sensory cells differ in the structure of their cilia. Both cell types are interconnected with neighbouring cells by comb-desmosomes.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 407-416 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tree frogs ; Adhesive digital pads ; Transmission and scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The digital pads of three tree-frogs (genus Rhacophorus) have been studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The distal parts of the outermost epidermal cells are separated by wide gaps. The surface of these cells is characterized by stout microvillus-like processes. The apical plasma membrane is reinforced by a layer of electron-dense material attached to its inner side. The cytoplasm contains bundles of tonofilaments extending into the apical cellular processes, numerous ribosomes and abundant granular and vesicular inclusions. In the connective tissue under the epidermis mucous glands — characterized by granule-containing, mitochondria-rich and smooth muscle cells — and an extensive nerve plexus occur. The latter innervates the mucous glands and in addition consists of sensory fibres which have been found in connection with lamellated sensory corpuscles. In respect of the degree of adaption towards a tree-dwelling life, the excluvisely tree inhabiting species (Rhacophorus reinwardti) appears to be particularly advanced.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid gland ; Gymnophiona (Amphibia) ; Metamorphosis ; Ultrastructure ; Radioiodide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Different developmental stages of two species of the genus Ichthyophis have been investigated. In the late embryo the follicular cells of the thyroid gland exhibit various degrees of cytodifferentiation. Well differentiated cells show a polar organization and contain numerous granular inclusions, but a colloid-containing lumen is rare. Most cells at this stage contain large lipid inclusions. In young and older larvae the cells contain well-developed rough ER and Golgi systems, numerous mitochondria, and abundant granular and vesicular inclusions. Tentative identifications were made of primary lysosomes, secondary lysosomes, residual bodies, and two types of small apical vesicles—containing resorbed colloid or transporting material into the follicular lumen. In the larvae the number of apical microvilli is relatively high. The thyroid cells of the older larvae seem to contain more granular and vesicular inclusions than those of the younger larvae. In the adult the size of the follicles greatly increases, the height of the epithelium decreases, microvilli become rare, residual bodies are more frequent, and the small primary lysosomes are replaced by larger ones. Colloid droplets have been found only rarely in the cytoplasm of the thyroid cells of adult animals. In the immediate neighbourhood of the follicular epithelium, profiles of nerve fibres were found in all animals. Radioiodide investigations—measurements of conversion ratio and thyroid uptake factor—show, if compared with the results of corresponding studies in other amphibians, only relatively small differences between the larvae on the one hand and larvae and adults on the other. The absolute counts of the thyroid region are lowest in the adult and highest in the older larvae, shortly before metamorphosis. Furthermore our results indicate, on the basis of four animals tested, that in Ichthyophis the activity of the thyroid gland is temperature dependent. The results in Ichthyophis show that the classical stages of metamorphosis, in other amphibians characterized among other things by different levels of thyroid activity, are very indistinct in this animal.
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