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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 27 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 25 (1972), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The higher degree of description is reached when a field becomes amenable to the use of the axiomatic method. In economics this state has been reached only recently in the establishment of a numerical utility. In general, it is difficult to know what to describe and how to measure; both require precise concepts. Current economic descriptions lack both very often, in particular the whole area of psychological factors, decisions, etc., escape the essentially physical descriptions of economic phenomena.Good predictions are the ultimate test of theory but also false theories often have a surprising power to predict. Thus, this matter is much more complicated than normally assumed.Even descriptive theories can be interpreted as ‘normative’ provided they are convincing to the user. The implied norm is often a prohibition, as for example, in the statement that one should not try to build a perpetuum mobile. If a state of society is commonly accepted which sanctions private property, then the norm follows that one ought not to steal. This is different from normative value statements that derive solely from other norms.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of game theory 1 (1971), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 1432-1270
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archiv der Mathematik 23 (1972), S. 413-414 
    ISSN: 1420-8938
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 40 (1974), S. 69-88 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Blutplättchen vom Menschen und vom Schwein wurden in Kunststoffund Gefrierultradünnschnitten ultrazytochemisch mit den Methoden der Mukopolysaccharid-, Glykoproteid- und Proteinnachweise untersucht. Außerdem wurden Plättchen des Menschen nach Lipidextraktion oder nach enzymatischem Abbau am Ultradünnschnitt mit Proteasen, Lipasen, Glykosidasen, Hyaluronidase und Neuraminidase elektronenoptisch untersucht. Das führte zu folgenden Ergebnissen: 1. Die lysosomalen Granula der Plättchen enthalten Mucopolysaccharide, Glyckoproteine, kationische Proteine und Lipide. 2. In den Plättchen von Menschen sind diese Stoffe stärker im Nucleoid als in der Matrix der Granula konzentriert. Beim Schwein entsprechen mikrotubuläre Strukturen dem Nucleoid der Granula. 3. Mucopolysaccharide bzw. Glykoproteide sind außer in der Glykokalyx auch im Vesikelsystem der Plättchen nachweisbar. Basische Proteine dagegen finden sich im sog. dense tubular system und in den Mikrotubuli. 4. Diese Befunde lassen schließen, daß es sich bei den dargestellten basischen Proteinen um in den Granula lokalisierte Plättchenfaktoren (Faktor 4, “cationic permeability factor”) handelt. 5. Die zum Aufbau der Mikrotubuli verwendeten Stoffe—ebenfalls basische Proteine—stammen wahrscheinlich aus den Plättchengranula und werden über das “dense tubular system”, einer Struktur die sich vom Golgi-Apparat herleiten läßt, transportiert.
    Notes: Summary Ultrathin sections of human and pig platelets have been cut from araldite embedded pellets or by cryo-ultramicrotomy and treated by the following ultracytochemical methods before or after sectionning: The acriflavine-phosphotungstic acid (PTA)/(Pollock et al., 1970)—, the chromic acid-PTA (Rambourg and Leblond, 1967)—and the periodic acid—thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate (Thiery, 1967)-method for mucopolysaccharides and/or glycoproteides and the ethanolic PTA-method for basic proteins (Bloom and Aghajanian, 1966) were applied. Furthermore, the platelets were stained with ruthenium red (Luft, 1966) or lanthanum hydroxide (Lane and Treherne, 1970). In addition the human platelets were extracted by organic solvents (lipid extraction after Napolitano et al., 1967). Furthermore the digestion of organic materials from platelets by enzymes on ultrathin sections (proteases, glycosidases, lipases, hyaluronidase and sialidase) was carried out. The results are as following: 1. The lysosomal granules of the platelets contain mucopolysaccharides, glycoproteides, cationic proteins and lipids. 2. These substances are mainly concentrated in the nucleoid, less in the matrix of the granules. Pig platelets reveal microtubular structures instead of nucleoids. 3. Besides their common appearance in the glycocalyx the mucopolysaccharides and/or glycoproteides are also detected in the vesicle or surface connected system of the platelets. On the other hand, basic proteins appear within the dense tubular system and in the microtubules. 4. The results suggest the localization and storage of basic proteins (for instance the platelet factor 4 or the cationic permeability factor) in the lysosomal granules. 5. The substances for microtubule synthesis—which are also basic proteins—probably originate from the granules. They are transferred via the dense tubular system, a structure derived from the Golgi apparatus.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 58 (1971), S. 575-575 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus isolierten Achsenfäden der Spermien von Triturus alpestris Laur. wurden drei Proteinfraktionen extrahiert und nach ihrer Zusammensetzung analysiert. In der leichtlöslichen Fraktion f3 überwog Arginin, daneben fand sich u.a. Cystin. f1+f2b enthielt weniger Arginin, dafür aber mehr Lysin. Den größten Anteil hatte hier Alanin. In jeder der beiden Fraktionen waren nur neun Aminosäuren vorhanden. Die schwerlösliche Fraktion c3 enthielt außer Cystin, Methionin und Tyrosin alle nachweisbaren Aminosäuren. Außerdem wies die Fraktion f1+f2b nicht weniger als fünf unbekannte Komponenten auf, von denen eine ein hellgrüner Farbstoff war. In geringeren Mengen kamen drei dieser Substanzen in f3 und noch eine in c3 vor. Nach den Ergebnissen des enzymatischen Abbaus an Ultradünnschnitten von glutaraldehydfixiertem Material dürfte die argininreiche Fraktion im Inneren des Achsenfadens, und zwar in seinem distalen Anteil zu lokalisieren sein. Die lysinreiche Fraktion wäre demnach im Inneren des proximalen Anteils zu finden, während die schwerlösliche Komponente c3 mit der außerordentlich widerstandsfähigen Rinde des Achsenfadens identisch wäre. Im Halsstück, das aus einem kristallinen Mantel und einem homogenen elektronendichten zentralen Teil besteht, fanden sich mindestens drei Komponenten. Der Mantel enthielt ein leicht extrahierbares Protein und ein stabiles Gerüst, in dem aromatische Aminosäuren vermehrt vorzukommen scheinen. Der zentrale Teil bestand aus argininreichen Verbindungen. Die Befunde werden im Zusammenhang mit der Bildung von Achsenfaden und Halsstück während der Spermiogenese diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Axial rods from spermatozoa of Triturus alpestris Laur. have been isolated. Three protein fractions therefrom could be extracted and analysed for their composition. Arginine prevailed in the soluble fraction f3, among others also cystine was found. f1+f2b contained less arginine, but more lysine. The highest percentage was found here for alinine. In each of the two fractions only nine amino acids were present. The sparely soluble fraction c3 contained all identifiable amino acids besides cystine, methionine and tyrosine. Moreover, the fraction f1+f2b showed as many as five unknown components, from which one was a light-green colour. To a lesser degree three of these compounds were also found in fraction f3 and still one in fraction c3. According to the results of the enzymatic digestion carried out on ultrathin section of material fixed with glutaraldehyde, the arginine-rich fraction should be localized in the center of the axial rod in its distal part. The lysine-rich fraction would then be found in the center of the proximal part, while the sparely soluble fraction c3 would be identical with the extremely resistant cortex of the axial rod. Within the neck-piece, which consists of a crystalline mantle and a homogenously dark central part, at least three components were present. The mantle contained an easily extractable protein and a stable frame, in which aromatic amino acids seemed to be increased. In the central part arginine prevailed. The results are discussed with regard to the formation of the axial rod and the neck-piece during spermiogenesis.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 26 (1974), S. 387-390 
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The decay of a plasmon into two neutrinos in the presence of an intense magnetic field has been studied by Canutoet al. (1970). They suggest that one of the principal longitudinal plasmon modes, which occurs only in magnetized plasmas, would cause certain magnetic stars to cool more rapidly than their unmagnetized counterparts. We show here that this mechanism is inoperative since the plasmon mode involved cannot be excited in the direction parallel to the magnetic field as considered by Canutoet al. Moreover, for ωc/ωp≫1, we show that the other principal longitudinal plasmon mode considered earlier by Adamset al. (1963) (which is largely independent of the magnetic field) dominates the plasmon-neutrino decay cooling of magnetic stars.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1435-926X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 283-296 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood platelets ; Lysosomes ; Acid phosphatase ; Aggregation ; Cell fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aufgrund biophysikalischer, biochemischer und ultrastruktureller Eigenschaften lassen sich in intakten oder fraktionierten Blutplättchen von Mensch und Schwein verschiedene Funktionstypen von alpha-Granulomer unterscheiden. Ein elektronen dichter, oft Mikrotubuli aufweisender Typ ist durch Zentrifugation von einem helleren mit fibrillärer Streifung abzusetzen. Außerdem läßt sich eine Fraktion vesikulärer Strukturen darstellen. Bei biochemischer Analyse ist die Hauptmenge der lysosomalen Hydrolasen Cathepsin und beta-Glucuronidase mit dem weniger dichten Typ der alpha-Granula vergesellschaftet, während sich der Hauptteil der sauren Phosphatase in der Vesikelfraktion befindet. Zytotopochemisch erscheint dieses Enzym immer strukturgebunden, sowohl an beiden Typen von alpha-Granula, als auch in den Vesikeln. Das Vesikelsystem spielt bei der Stoffaufnahme in Plättchen eine Rolle und wird auch als gamma-Granulomer, surface connected system oder canaliculäres System bezeichnet. Bei der Degranulation der Plättchen wird — wie die Enzymlokalisation in diesem Falle zeigt — Granulainhalt über das vesikuläre System in das Außenmedium abgegeben. Saure Phosphatase kann auch in Phagozytosevakuolen nachgewiesen werden. Elektronenoptisch läßt sich der Übergang von alpha-Granula in vesikuläre Strukturen erkennen. Die Befunde zeigen, daß zwischen alpha-Granula und Vesikelsystem enge Beziehungen bestehen. Zusammen bilden sie eine funktionelle Einheit, die neben der Stoffaufnahme auch die Funktion der Abgabe von Substanzen aus den Plättchen erfüllt. Schließlich findet die Digestion aufgenommener Stoffe dort statt.
    Notes: Summary Biochemical and ultrastructural findings from intact and fractionated pig and human blood platelets indicate the presence of different types of alpha granules. An electron dense type can be distinguished from a lighter one with a fibrillar matrix. The major part of the lysosomal hydrolases beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin is associated with the lighter granules. Most of the acid phosphatase appears in the vesicle fraction. The ultracytochemical investigation shows the acid phosphatase bound to both types of granules or vesicles. This enzyme is visible in the narrow spaces between the outer membranes of aggregated thrombocytes. Furthermore, there can be seen the transformation of alpha granules into vesicles and vesicles, which contain acid phosphatase releasing their contents into the extracellular medium. Thus the significance of the vesicle system for the release of substances out of the platelet seems to be proved. From this point of view the different types could be considered as alpha granules in different functional stages.
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