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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spotted centromeres in human chromosomes (1974)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 249 (1974), S. 861-862 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR,-The demonstration by Eiberg1 of equal sized Giemsa-stained paired dots in the centromeric regions of human chromosomes, raises the question of whether these dots are equivalent to, or associated with, the paired spheres, or dots, observed in these regions in chromosomes preparations handled in ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/249861a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Location of human satellite DNAs on the Y chromosome (1974)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 251 (1974), S. 346-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We have now investigated the chromosome location of the four human satellite DNAs by in situ hybridisation using dual karyotype analysis (ref. 9 and J.R.G., R.A.B., R. P. Clayton and H.J.E., in preparaton) (see legend to Fig. 1). This involves quinacrine fluorescence and karyotype analysis of the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/251346a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distinguishing between the Chromosomes involved in Down's Syndrome (Trisomy 21) and Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia ( Ph 1 ) by Fluorescence (1971)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 230 (1971), S. 167-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fluorescence with quinacrine dihydrochloride has been used to identify chromosomes of the human G ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/230167a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absence of Significant Chromosome Damage in Males Occupationally Exposed to Lead (1974)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 247 (1974), S. 50-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Schwanitz et 〈7/.10 reported a three- to four-fold increase in chromosome aberration frequency in human lymphocytes treated in vitro with lead acetate as compared with control cells exposed to sodium acetate. In contrast, an extensive in vitro study on cultured Chinese hamster fibroblasts by ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/247050a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytological mapping of human chromosomes: results obtained with Quinacrine fluorescence and the Acetic-Saline-Giemsa techniques (1971)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 35 (1971), S. 310-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The similarities and differences between the banding patterns obtained in human chromosomes with the Quinacrine fluorescence and the Acetic-Saline-Giemsa (ASG) techniques are described. The use of these techniques to identify each chromosome pair in the human karyotype is discussed, as also is the use of the methods to identify aberrant chromosomes and to map points of exchange in translocations and inversions. A number of examples are used to illustrate the resolution permitted by these new methods. Seven polymorphic regions on normal chromosomes are described, which include four identified by fluorescence on chromosomes 3,4, 13, and 22. The secondary constrictions on chromosomes 1, 9, and 16, which had previously been observed in conventionally stained preparations from favourable material, are particularly clear in all cells treated with the Giemsa techniques. The new methods make it possible to detect small differences in size between the heterochromatic blocks at these regions in homologous chromosomes. The benefit to human genetics of studying the familial segregation of both structurally rearranged and normal, but polymorphic chromosomes, where the chromosomes or parts of chromosomes can be unambiguously identified is stressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326281
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationship between patterns of DNA replication and of Quinacrine fluorescence in the human chromosome complement (1971)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 35 (1971), S. 326-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes were labelled with 3H-thymidine in the early or late S phase prior to mitosis. Quinacrine fluorescence patterns in metaphase chromosomes were then recorded photographically and the slides reprocessed for autoradiography so that the same metaphase cells were examined with the two techniques. The intensity and distribution of 3H-thymidine labelling was compared with the intensity and distribution of Q fluorescence with particular reference to chromosomes 1, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22. It was found that chromosome regions showing bright fluorescence were also late replicating and that, in general, patterns of late replications reflected the patterns of fluorescence. Exceptions to this generalisation included the late labelling X chromosome in cells of female origin and areas near the centromeres on chromosomes 1, 9, 16 and 22. These centromeric regions show a dull fluorescence but, with exception of chromosome 9, are strongly Giemsa-positive in the ASG staining technique. On the basis of staining reaction, late replicating heterochromatic regions fall into five categories, the relationships and functional significance of these categories is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326282
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Location of the genes coding for 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA in the human genome (1974)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 48 (1974), S. 405-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 3H-rRNA obtained from Xenopus laevis tissue cultured cells, or a 3H-cRNA made from Xenopus ribosomal DNA, was used for heterologous in situ hybridisation with human lymphocyte metaphase chromosomes. Prior to hybridisation, chromosome spreads were stained with Quinacrine and selected cells showing good Q-banding photographed; the same cells were then rephotographed after autoradiography and pairs of photographs for each cell were used to make dual karyotypes. The chromosomes within each karyotype were divided into equal sized segments (approx. 0.7 μ), with a fixed number of segments for each chromosome type. The distribution of silver grains between segments showed that the 3H-RNAs hybridised specifically to the nucleolar organising regions of the D and G group chromosomes with no other sites of localised labelling in the complement. Control experiments showed no localisation, with insignificant labelling, when metaphase spreads were incubated in a mixture containing Xenopus 3H-rRNA and competing cold human (HeLa) rRNA. Filter hybridisation experiments on isolated human DNA showed that the Xenopus derived 3H-RNAs hybridised to a fraction of human DNA which was on the heavy side of the main DNA peak and that these RNAs were competed out in the presence of excess cold human rRNA, confirming the specificity of the heterologous hybridisation. In situ hybridisation experiments were also carried out on cells from individuals with one chromosome pair showing heteromorphism for either a very long stalk (nucleolar constriction) subtending a satellite, or a large satellite. It was shown that the chromosome with the large stalk hybridised four times as much 3H-rRNA as its homologue, whereas differences in the sizes of the subtended satellites did not materially affect hybridisation levels indicating that rDNA is located in the stalks and not the satellites. The amount of 3H-rRNA hybridised differs between chromosomes and individuals; these differences are heritable and rDNA can be detected by in situ hybridisation in all three chromosomes number 21 in cells from Down's patients and in translocated chromosomes conta.ining a nucleolar constriction. Different D and G group chromosomes which hybridised equal amounts of 3H-rRNA participated in rosette associations at metaphase in a random fashion in some individuals and in a non-random fashion in others. In all individuals studied chromosomes with large amounts of rDNA were not found to be preferentially involved in association. It was therefore concluded that the probability of a chromosome being involved in the formation of a common nucleolus is not a simple function of its rDNA content and other possible factors are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00290996
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosome homology and heterochromatin in goat, sheep and ox studied by banding techniques (1973)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 42 (1973), S. 383-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Peripheral blood lymphocyte metaphase chromosomes of three Bovoidean species have been studied using Quinacrine fluorescence and Giemsa banding techniques to give Q-, G-, and C-banding patterns. Q- and G-banding characteristics, coupled with chromosome length, enabled all of the chromosomes in each of the chromosome complements to be clearly distinguished, although some difficulties were encountered with the very smallest chromosomes. A comparison of G-banding patterns between the species revealed a remarkable degree of homology of banding patterns. Each of the 23 different acrocentric autosomes of the domestic sheep (2n=54) was represented by an identical chromosome in the goat (2n=60) and the arms of the 3 pairs of sheep metacentric autosomes were identical matches with the remaining 6 goat acrocentrics. A similar interspecies homology was evident for all but two of the autosomes in the ox (2n=60). This homology between sheep metacentric and goat acrocentric elements confirms a previously suggested Robertsonian variation. The close homology in G-banding patterns between these related species indicates that the banding patterns are evolutionarily conservative and may be a useful guide in assessing interspecific relationships. —The centromeric heterochromatin in the autosomes of the three species was found to show little or no Q-or G-staining, in contrast to the sex chromosomes. This lack of centromeric staining with the G-technique (ASG) contrasts markedly with results obtained with other mammalian species. However, with the C-banding technique these regions show a normal intense Giemsa stain and the C-bands in the sex chromosomes are inconspicuous. The amount of centromeric heterochromatin in the sheep metacentric chromosomes is considerable less than in the acrocentric autosomes or in a newly derived metacentric element discovered in a goat. It is suggested that the pale G-staining of the centromeric heterochromatin in these species might be related to the presence of G-Crich satellite DNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399407
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of effectiveness in mutant strains of rhizobium by acetylene reduction relative to other criteria of N2 fixation (1970)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 33 (1970), S. 192-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The feasibility of the acetylene reduction technique for evaluation of comparative effectiveness inRhizobium was tested inR. leguminosarum, R. trifolii, andR. meliloti with strains which were closely related but differed widely in effectiveness. Several variables in sampling and handling of nodules were found to introduce significant error into this sensitive assay. Freezing of nodules destroyed all reducing activity. Removal of nodules from the roots, storage of detached nodules for several hours before assay, and the dry-wet condition of nodules during assay contributed to lowered ethylene production. The time pattern of appearance, increase, and decline of acetylene reducing activity paralleled that of leghemoglobin content in effective pea nodules assayed at different stages of development. In a comparison of strains from all 3 species, there was generally good agreement between the rate of acetylene reduction (assayed at a stage of peak activity for effective nodules only) and plant dry weight, plant nitrogen, or visual ratings of effectiveness. Several exceptional mutants which were rated as partly effective on the basis of nodule type or leghemoglobin content showed little acetylene reduction or N2 fixation. Suitability of the acetylene assay for strain comparison and the question of units of comparison with other criteria of N2 fixation are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01378210
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of effectiveness in mutant strains of rhizobium by acetylene reduction relative to other criteria of N2 fixation (1970)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 33 (1970), S. 192-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The feasibility of the acetylene reduction technique for evaluation of comparative effectiveness inRhizobium was tested inR. leguminosarum, R. trifolii, andR. meliloti with strains which were closely related but differed widely in effectiveness. Several variables in sampling and handling of nodules were found to introduce significant error into this sensitive assay. Freezing of nodules destroyed all reducing activity. Removal of nodules from the roots, storage of detached nodules for several hours before assay, and the dry-wet condition of nodules during assay contributed to lowered ethylene production. The time pattern of appearance, increase, and decline of acetylene reducing activity paralleled that of leghemoglobin content in effective pea nodules assayed at different stages of development. In a comparison of strains from all 3 species, there was generally good agreement between the rate of acetylene reduction (assayed at a stage of peak activity for effective nodules only) and plant dry weight, plant nitrogen, or visual ratings of effectiveness. Several exceptional mutants which were rated as partly effective on the basis of nodule type or leghemoglobin content showed little acetylene reduction or N2 fixation. Suitability of the acetylene assay for strain comparison and the question of units of comparison with other criteria of N2 fixation are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01378210
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