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  • 1
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    In:  Pageoph, Leipzig, 3-4, vol. 112, no. 4, pp. 701-725, pp. L19606, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Publication Date: 1974
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake precursor: simulated in laboratory tests ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Dual Induction Latero logAT
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 112 (1974), S. 701-725 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A scale independent failure theory governing the initiation and subsequent growth of the shear fault in rock is presented in this article. Four distinct phases of behavior in this theory are shown to precede fault growth in rock. 1)Dilatant Phase: Cracks form in the rock in response to the applied stresses. This phase begins at a maximum principal stress whose magnitude is usually well below the ultimate strength of the rock. 2)Inclusion Phase: Clusters of cracks develop in the rock at a point in time when the rock is within a few per cent of its ultimate strength. The clusters behave physically as low modulus elastic inclusions embedded within a host material of higher modulus. As a result of this ‘elastic’ contrast, there is a rotation of the principal stress axes and a decrease in the magnitude of the principal stress difference in the focal region of the inclusion; that is, the region into which the inclusion will grow at failure. 3)Closure Phase: In this phase, there is closure of cracks in the focal region in response to the decrease in the magnitude of the principal stress difference due to the formation of the inclusion. As a result of crack closure in the focal region, the stress concentration in the focal region increases and becomes a maximum once all cracks which opened during the dilatant phase are closed. At this time, the transverse tensile stress in the interior of the inclusion also reaches a maximum. Macrocrack growth within the inclusion begins. 4)Growth Phase: Fault growth commences during this phase. Reopening of previously closed cracks occurs due to the increase in the principal stress difference in the focal region resulting from macrocrack growth within the inclusion. New cracks form and rapid growth of the macrocrack (in its own plane) occurs once the length of the mecrocrack exceeds a critical value. The fault represents the portion of the macrocrack which has closed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 252 (1974), S. 549-552 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Seismic precursors (such as anomalous Vp values and/or seismic activity) whose behaviour is qualitatively similar to those reported to precede earthquakes are observed before rock failures in dry underground mines. Similar processes may be involved during failure of rock in the mine and ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 5 (1973), S. 107-120 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Experimentelle Bestimmung des wahren Spannungs-Dehnungs-Verhaltens von sprödem Gestein Es wird über Ergebnisse experimenteller Studien über das Verhalten von sechs verschiedenen Gesteinen berichtet, welche unter einachsigem Druck im Nach-Bruch-Bereich deformiert wurden. Aufgrund der Beobachtung, daß eine Gesteinsprobe im Nach-Bruch-Bereich als aus brüchigem und gebrochenem Gestein zusammengesetzt betrachtet werden kann und unter der Annahme, daß die Abminderung der Belastbarkeit des Gesteins im Nach-Bruch-Bereich durch die Verringerung der wirksamen Querschnittsfläche der Probe infolge des Wachsens von großen Rissen in der Gesteinsprobe verursacht ist, wird gezeigt, daß es eine maximale wahre Spannung gibt, welche das ungebrochene, feste Gestein ohne inelastische Deformation ertragen kann. Diese Spannung ist konstant und wird als wahre Bruchfestigkeit des Gesteins angesprochen. Die Größe dieser Spannung errechnet sich durch Division der auf die Gesteinsprobe an irgendeinem Punkt der Nach-Bruch-Kurve ausgeübten Kraft durch die wahre, Belastung tragende Querschnittsfläche der Gesteinsprobe an diesem Punkt. Es wurden theoretische und experimentelle Techniken entworfen, welche eine Schätzung der Verminderung der Belastungsfläche an irgendeiner Stelle längs der Nach-Bruch-Kurve der Probe erlauben. Für Gesteinstypen, welche in diesen Untersuchungen benützt wurden und welche an im Voraus gewählten Stellen längs der Nach-Bruch-Kurve deformiert wurden, gaben unter der Annahme, daß das gebrochene Gestein nichts von der aufgebrachten Belastung trug, die beiden Techniken zur Messung der tatsächlich lasttragenden, wirksamen Fläche gleiche Resultate.
    Abstract: Résumé On présente les résultats d'une étude expérimentale du comportement de six types de roches chargées en compression simple dans leur domaine respectif de déformation après la rupture. Si l'on remarque qu'un échantillon de roche après la rupture peut être considéré comme composé de roche cassée et de roche non cassée, et en supposant que la réduction de résistance dans le domaine après la rupture est due à la réduction de la section droite intacte de l'échantillon, réduction résultant de la croissance de grandes fissures dans l'éprouvette, on montre qu'il existe une contrainte vraie maximale que la roche peut supporter sans déformation permanente. Cette contrainte est constante et est réputée être la résistance vraie à la rupture. La valeur de cette contrainte est calculée en divisant la force sur l'échantillon en chaque point de la courbe effort-déformation après la rupture, par la section droite supportant alors véritablement la charge. Des techniques théorique et expérimentale sont développées, qui permettent d'estimer la surface portante vraie de l'échantillon en tout point de la courbe après la rupture. Pour les types de roches utilisées dans cette étude, qui furent déformées à des états pré-déterminés du domaine après la rupture, et avec l'hypothèse que la roche fracturée ne supportait plus aucune contrainte, les deux méthodes de mesures de la section portante ont donné des résultats équivalents.
    Notes: Summary An Experimental Determination of the True Uniaxial Stress-Strain Behavior of Brittle Rock Results are presented of an experimental study of the behavior of six rock types deformed under uniaxial compression into their respective post-failure regions. Based on the observation that a rock sample in a post-failure state can be considered to be composed of broken and unbroken rock and assuming that the reduction in load-bearing capability of rock in the post-failure region is due to a reduction of the effective cross-sectional area of the specimen resulting from the growth of large cracks within the rock sample, we show that there is a maximum true stress that the unfractured solid rock can sustain without inelastic deformation. This stress is constant and is defined to be the true failure strength of the rock. The value of this stress is calculated by dividing the force on the rock sample at any point along the post-failure curve by the true load-bearing cross-sectional area of the rock sample at that point. Theoretical and experimental techniques are developed which allow an estimate of the true load-bearing area of the rock sample at any point along the post-failure curve of the sample. For the rock types used in the study, which were deformed to preselected positions along their respective post-failure curves and with the assumption that the fractured rock carried none of the applied load, the two techniques of measuring the effective load-bearing area give results which are equivalent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1974-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1974-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0033-4553
    Electronic ISSN: 1420-9136
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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