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  • Other Sources  (12)
  • 1970-1974  (12)
  • 1
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    Solar cosmic ray, solar wind, solar flare, and neutron albedo measurements, part C (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: All mineral detectors exposed on Apollo 16 had high surface track densities probably produced by a solar flare that occurred during the mission. The heavy ions followed a power law spectrum with exponent approximately 3 down to approximately 200 KeV/nucleon. The abundance of low-energy particle tracks observed in this flare may explain the high track densities observed in lunar dust grains. Pristine heavy-particle tracks in feldspar give long tracks. Shallow pits similar to those expected from extremely heavy solar wind ions were observed in about the expected number. Initial results give a low apparent value of neutron albedo relative to theory.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 2
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    Study of radiation damage and structure of Luna 16 sample particles using high-resolution electron microscopes (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Using an electron scanning microscope and a high voltage microscope, a study was made of the radiation damage and structure of micron sized grains and grains separated from the 200-mesh fraction of the L-16-19 surface material sample. Then the structural features were compared with those found by studying with the same techniques grains separated from 20 different samples of lunar dust taken from the Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 14, and Apollo 15 collections. The L-16-19 sample is similar to the most intensely irradiated samples returned to earth by Apollo craft.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 404-409
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  • 3
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    Radiation damage and structure recorded at high resolution in grains from fine fractions of Luna 16 surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Samples returned to earth by Luna 16, were studied with a high voltage electron microscope for ultramicroscopic features. The following amazing features were noted in particles of surface material returned in all the lunar trips: A very high density of tracks of nuclear particles, ultrathin amorphous shells, highly rounded forms, and amazingly good ordering of crystal lattice. These features were used along with calibration experiments in solving the following problems: (1) determining the energy spectrum and chemical abundances of the very heavy nuclei in the solar wind and in the solar cosmic rays; (2) studying the past activity of the sun; (3) obtaining data on lunar dynamic processes affecting dust particles; (4) analyzing composite effects caused by penetration of solar wind into the lunar surface material; and (5) establishing the existence of the ancient lunar atmosphere and magnetic field.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 388-399
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  • 4
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    Measurements of heavy solar wind and higher energy solar particles during the Apollo 17 mission (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The lunar surface cosmic ray experiment, consisting of sets of mica, glass, plastic, and metal foil detectors, was successfully deployed on the Apollo 17 mission. One set of detectors was exposed directly to sunlight and another set was placed in shade. Preliminary scanning of the mica detectors shows the expected registration of heavy solar wind ions in the sample exposed directly to the sun. The initial results indicate a depletion of very-heavy solar wind ions. The effect is probably not real but is caused by scanning inefficiencies. Despite the lack of any pronounced solar activity, energetic heavy particles with energies extending to 1 MeV/nucleon were observed. Equal track densities of approximately 6000 tracks/cm sq 0.5 microns in length were measured in mica samples exposed in both sunlight and shade.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 5
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    Comments on 'Elastically scattered recoil nuclei in solid-state detectors' (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Horn and Von Oertzen (1967) have shown that tracks in mica are produced by an irradiation with 32-MeV O-16 ions. These tracks were attributed to K and Fe recoils produced by elastic scattering of the incident oxygen beam. In the present work an alternate explanation of their observations is provided. The measured characteristics of the tracks are shown to be compatible with theoretical predictions for production of tracks by inelastic (mostly compound nucleus) reactions with silicon and to be inconsistent with the previously proposed elastic scattering process. The possibility that the tracks are produced by contaminant ions in the beam cannot be ruled out.
    Keywords: NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    Type: Radiation Effects; 19; 1973
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  • 6
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    Apollo 17 lunar surface cosmic ray experiment - Measurement of heavy solar wind particles (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: During the Apollo 17 mission a series of metal foils and nuclear track detectors were exposed both in the sun and in the shade on the surface of the moon. Here we give the analysis of the mica detectors which were used to measure the flux of solar wind particles of Fe-group and heavier elements. These particles register as shallow pits after etching in hydrofluoric acid. Calibration experiments were performed to determine the registration properties of different ions and to simulate the lunar environment. We obtain an Fe-group flux of 39,000 per sec per sq cm, which together with the H flux measured on IMP-7 gives an Fe/H ratio of 0.000041. For elements with Z exceeding 45 we can set only an upper limit on the abundance, ruling out an overabundance of extremely heavy elements relative to iron by a factor of 4.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Lunar Science Conference; Mar 18, 1974 - Mar 22, 1974; Houston, TX
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  • 7
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    Simulation of lunar carbon chemistry. II - Lunar winds contribution (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Simulation experiments, computations, and analysis of glassy agglutinates show that a directly condensed lunar wind vapor phase is strongly depleted in carbon and sulfur compounds and may recrystallize rapidly in the lunar thermal cycle and separate from host crystals. Factors preventing identification of low-energy species implanted from the lunar atmosphere are discussed. Computational results indicate that the implanted lunar winds carbon originates both from the vapor phases injected into the lunar atmosphere during thermal metamorphism of mature lunar soil grains and from direct volatization of impacting micrometeorites. It is suggested that microglass splashes and tiny crystalline grains possibly attached to the surface of coarser grains do not affect the characteristics of solar wind carbon chemistry in the lunar soil.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Science Conference; Mar 18, 1974 - Mar 22, 1974; Houston, TX
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  • 8
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    Simulation of lunar carbon chemistry. I - Solar wind contribution (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Simulation experiments were conducted to identify the role of solar and lunar winds in the evolution of lunar carbon chemistry. Major conclusions are that (1) implantation of solar wind C, D, and N ions in silicates synthesizes small molecules that can be released into vacuum either by ion sputtering or by heating; (2) this synthesis is highly specific when compared to other processes accounting for the formation of molecules in the solar nebula or in interstellar space; (3) the carbon injected by the solar wind in the crystalline component of mature soils should reach a saturation concentration of about 200 ppm; and (4) the carbon chemistry of the crystalline component of mature soils is dominated by solar wind implantation effects.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Science Conference; Mar 18, 1974 - Mar 22, 1974; Houston, TX
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  • 9
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    Ion implantation effects in 'cosmic' dust grains (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Cosmic dust grains, whatever their origin may be, have probably suffered a complex sequence of events including exposure to high doses of low-energy nuclear particles and cycles of turbulent motions. High-voltage electron microscope observations of micron-sized grains either naturally exposed to space environmental parameters on the lunar surface or artificially subjected to space simulated conditions strongly suggest that such events could drastically modify the mineralogical composition of the grains and considerably ease their aggregation during collisions at low speeds. Furthermore, combined mass spectrometer and ionic analyzer studies show that small carbon compounds can be both synthesized during the implantation of a mixture of low-energy D, C, N ions in various solids and released in space by ion sputtering.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 22; 3, Ju; June 197
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  • 10
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    On some annealing characteristics of heavy ion tracks in silicate minerals (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Heavy ion tracks in silicate minerals, using thermal annealing to identify origins
    Keywords: NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    Type: INTERNATIONAL TOPICAL CONFERENCE ON NUCLEAR TRACK REGISTRATION IN INSULATING SOLIDS AND APPLICATIONS; May 01, 1969; CLERMONT-FERRAND, PUY-DE DOME; FRANCE|; VUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET
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