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  • Springer  (316)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • 1985-1989  (235)
  • 1970-1974  (87)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 177-185 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: spotted alfalfa aphid ; Therioaphis trifolii ; aphid-resistant plants ; lucerne = alfalfa ; Medicago sativa ; variation ; bioassay ; antibiosis non-preference ; inter-plant movement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude de la multiplication initiale des effectifs de T. trifolii, élevés au laboratoire sur pousses de différents pieds de luzerne, a servi de test d'antibiose pour les cultures en plein champ. La distribution de l'antibiose, dans des échantillons importants de plantes appartenant à des cultivars sélectionnés pour leur résistance aux pucerons, a présenté une forme en J, c'est-à-dire que la majorité des plantes était très résistante, quelques unes apparemment sensibles, et un certain nombre intermédiaires entre ces deux extrêmes. Pour un niveau donné d'antibiose, la reproduction, la mortalité et ainsi la distribution initiale en âges dans les populations de pucerons ont été généralement identiques. La multiplication végétative de plantes présentant un gradient de résistance à l'intérieur d'un cultivar et l'utilisation d'un plan de distribution des boutures ont permis l'étude de ce qui semble être l'effet de l'hétérogénéité spatiale sur la résistance des cultures aux attaques de pucerons. La simulation d'une invasion de la culture par les pucerons en plaçant des adulte sur toutes les boutures d'un rang ne pouvait donner une explication de la croissance de la population que si les pucerons se déplacaient le long du rang pour découvrir et exploiter les pieds les plus sensibles. Une distribution par taches, comme on peut l'envisager dans un champ, ne devrait pas gêner les pucerons, car bien que les mouvements d'évasion soient stimulés par les niveaux de résistance élevés (de non-préférence), on peut en déduire que les pucerons se déplaceront sur des plantes très résistantes, eventuellement pour atteindre des plantes moins résistantes placées derriere.
    Notes: Abstract Initial population growth of spotted alfalfa aphid reared on shoots cut from individual lucerne plants, was tested and used as a realistic bioassay of antibiosis. Within cultivars selected for aphid-resistance there was a J-shaped distribution of antibiosis between plants of the crop, the majority being highly resistant, a few apparently susceptible and a proportion partly-resistant. For a given level of antibiosis, reproduction, mortality and thus initial age distribution of aphid populations were generally similar. Vegetative cloning of plants from the range of resistance available in a cultivar has allowed studies of the likely effect of spatial variation of resistance in crops on aphid infestations, using experimental arrays of cut shoots. Simulation of aphid invasion of crops by the placement of adults on all shoots of an array gave results explicable only if the aphids moved through the array to find and breed on the more susceptible plants. A patchy arrangement of these, as might be expected in a field crop, would not hinder the aphids, for although movement off a plant is stimulated by higher resistance (non-preference) levels, it was inferred that aphids will move onto higher resistance plants, eventually to reach lower resistance plants beyond.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 75-82 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aphid-resistance ; lucerne ; alfalfa ; Medicago sativa ; spotted alfalfa aphid ; Therioaphis trifolii f. maculata ; antibiosis ; bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In autumn 1981 there were widespread reports of a reduced level of antibiosis in lucerne crops and field trials where cultivars selected for resistance to the aphid, Therioaphis trifolii f. maculata, had been used. On our field trial, the plot of ‘CUF 101’ lucerne was infested to a level about 40% of that on the aphid-susceptible ‘Hunter River’, compared with an average of about 3% over the two years before and the two years after. An experimental study of possible causes using a bioassay technique on cloned plants representing the spectrum of resistance in CUF 101 indicated that loss of resistance was temporary and occurred apparently randomly among the tests, but that certain treatments increase the frequency of its occurrence. Lowered temperatures and the use of either young regrowth or senescent lucerne, each increased the frequency of loss of resistance. Inundation of lucerne by large numbers of aphids did not affect the expression of resistance directly, but the few progeny that survived to adulthood on partly-resistance lucerne were habituated and were then able to interact with the plants to increase the apparent frequency of breakdown of resistance. Plants which showed the loss of resistance developed aphid populations between 4x ad 25x those when they expressed their normal resistance level. Investigations suggest that the situation in autumn 1981 may have been the result of a prolonged and massive immigration of aphids into lucerne crops, which, on the aphid resistant cultivars allowed surviving aphids to exploit maximally the combined effects of factors causing some loss of resistance.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 17 (1985), S. 385-387 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Adult female whitespotted sawyers Monochamus scutellatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) were placed on succeeding days with two males differing visibly in size. Females showed a significant preference for the larger of two males. The rate of oviposition was significantly higher when the female was paired with the larger male. Both the rate of movement by the paired female and her rate of indicating non-receptivity were significantly lower when the female was paired with the larger male. This species exhibits resource defense polygyny, and females appear to choose mates mainly on the basis of the quality of resources defended. This study suggests, however, that when resource quality is constant, females choose mates on the basis of their size.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 13 (1989), S. 73-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Hydrogeological studies at Figeh Springs were directed to determine groundwater flow paths, research, storage and discharge units, and the maximum reliable yield. The project was designed to provide information upon which to base pumpage to augment low-season flows from the spring which is the major water supply for the city of Damascus, Syria. As a basis for conclusions and recommendations, work included extensive surface geologic mapping, air photographic interpretation, a detailed well and spring inventory, and a quality of water sampling program. Geologic structural work included mapping and jointing, faulting, and folding, and an analysis of their impact on groundwater movement.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 26 (1970), S. 494-495 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kalium erhöht die Bildung von markiertem Noradrenalin aus markiertem Tyrosin im isolierten Vas deferens. Es wird angenommen, dass dieser Effekt auf eine Steigerung der Tyrosin-Hydroxylase zurückzuführen ist.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 26 (1970), S. 113-122 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Überblick über neuere Forschungen gegeben, die das weite Arbeitsgebiet des Mechanismus der Fischatmung betreffen. Nachdruck wird auf den vergleichenden Standpunkt einer solchen Forschungsarbeit gelegt, wobei gezeigt wird, dass die Wahl besonderer Spezies ein förderndes Licht auf allgemein wichtige Probleme werfen kann, die bei Kiemenuntersuchungen sowohl auf der Makrostrukturstufe wie auf der Ultrastrukturstufe auftreten. Vom physiologischen Standpunkt aus gesehen, erweisen sich einige Arten auf Grund ihrer Lebensweise für experimentelle Untersuchungen ihres Sauerstoffverbrauchs besonders geeignet. Die strukturelle Anordnung des Pumpenmechanismus anderer Arten erleichert wiederum äusserst günstig die Direktmessung des Ventilationsvolumens und anderer mit dem Gasaustausch zusammenhängender Parameter.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 11 (1971), S. 12-22 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Population energy budgets estimated on the assumption of steady state conditions for Nerita tessellata Gmelin, N. versicolor Gmelin, and N. peloronta L. on Barbados, W. Indies, are presented. Large differences in population structure, and hence energetics, occurred at different localities along the beach. Relatively high proportions (81 to 88%) of the assimilated energy were lost via metabolism. Assimilation efficiencies ranged from 39 to 43%, net growth efficiencies from 5 to 13%, and ecological efficiencies from 3 to 7%. For each species, production (P), energy flow (A) and total energy consumption (C) were expressed as functions of animal size, in order to facilitate gross estimations of the energy components for other populations for which data on size-frequency and density are available. Respiration studies of all three species in the laboratory failed to detect differences between respiration rates in air or under seawater.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 16 (1972), S. 297-309 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Low level aerial observations were used to obtain synoptic records of the distribution of sea turtle nesting activity along both coasts of Costa Rica. Pertinent environmental information was simultaneously recorded including beach characteristics, river effluents, and evidence of coastal currents. Other correlative information was obtained from detailed maps, current charts, and climatological data. On the Caribbean coast, as expected, green turtle (Chelonia mydas) nesting was concentrated on the beaches between the Tortuguero and Parismina Rivers. On the Pacific coast, two major nesting beaches for the Pacific ridley Lepidochelys olivacea were found, each having over 100 thousand turtles aggregated offshore during the peak period between September and November. Aggregations were present at least from July through December. Massed nesting occurs each year on these same beaches and the event is known as the “salida de flota” by the natives of Guanacaste Province. Numerous less important nesting beaches were also found. Nesting density did not correlate well with beach quality but, instead, appeared to be related to the proximity of the beach to offshore currents. Oceanic current systems apparently facilitate the transport of sea turtles to the general vicinity of the important nesting beaches on both coasts of Coata Rica.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An attempt was made to identify the causes of the distribution of benthos within Bedeque Bay using multivariate techniques programmed for the computer. Both classification by a hierarchical cluster analysis, and ordination by principal components analysis suggested that a large proportion of the variance in the data was directly or indirectly correlated with a salinity gradient. Classification divided the species into two main groups, a in the upper half of the estuary where lower salinities and larger salinity fluctuations occurred, and group b in the lower half of the estuary with a more stable salinity regime. The group b species were further subdivided into those preferring soft mud and those preferring sandier sediments. The group a species were divided into a well-developed oyster association and various sub-groups less strongly associated with oysters. Five principal components were required to account for 50% of the variance in the data. The first axis accounted for 20% of the variance and was shown by a non-parametric test to be correlated with the salinity gradient. Axes II to V could not be interpreted, but possibly represented complex species interactions. By providing hard substrates and altering the natura of the sediment, oysters and mussels produced conditions suitable for many other species.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 24 (1974), S. 97-107 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study of the nesting of the Pacific ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea was undertaken in Costa Rica on Playa Nancite — one of two beaches on which the authors had, the previous year, discovered large nesting aggregations of this species. During the 3 1/2-month period of this study, approximately 288,000 turtles nested on the 1300 m-long beach. About 99% of these nested during 3 periods of mass-nesting (arribadas). The predictability of the arribadas was investigated by observing and recording environmental parameters with which they may be correlated. The mass-nesting phenomenon, aspects of nesting behavior, and the adaptive advantages of mass-nesting are discussed. During the period of study, nearly 2,000 turtles were tagged, 102 of which were subsequently recovered. Carapace lengths and widths of 251 tagged turtles were measured. The emergence of hatchlings was recorded daily and, from these data, the incubation period and an indication of egg and hatchling survival was obtained. The activities of the various predators on eggs, hatchlings, and adults are described.
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