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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 250 (1972), S. 1094-1104 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The relaxation behavior of polyethylene is studied by analyzing the line shape of the NMR-spectra. The broad, medium and narrow components correspond to three kinds of molecular motion: rigid, hindered mobile and liquid like mobile. The line shapes of the components are assumed to be that of a completely crystalline polyethylene sample, a hybrid between aGauβ andLorentz curve, and aLorentz curve, respectively. For a melt crystallized linear polyethylene of density 0,972 gcm−3 it is found that only (25±3)% of the noncrystalline protons are able to participate in the liquid like motion. For solution crystallized polyethylene this fraction is only (3±1)%. By swelling the polyethylene with carbon tetrachloride the mobility of the noncrystalline regions is increased. This is seen by the lowering of the glass transition temperature and a narrowing of the medium and narrow component. Branched polyethylene shows a different relaxation behavior from linear polyethylene, which follows from the disturbance of the polyethylene structure by the branching points.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung des Relaxationsverhaltens von Polyäthylen geschieht durch die Linienformanalyse der NMR-Spektren. Der breiten, mittleren und schmalen Komponente entsprechen drei Arten der Molekularbeweglichkeit: unbeweglich, behindert beweglich und fiüssigkeitsähnlich beweglich. Zur mathematischen Beschreibung der breiten Komponente benutzen wir die an einer hochkristallinen Probe experimentell bestimmte Kurvenform, für die mittlere Komponente eine ausGauss- undLorentz-Kurve gemischte Kurve und für die schmale Komponente eineLorentz-Kurve. Die Wendepunktsbreiten der drei Komponenten betragen 14 bis 16 G, 2 bis 10 G und⩽1G. Es wird gefunden, daß bei schmelzkristallisiertem linearem Polyäthylen der Dichte 0,972 g cm−3 nur (25±3)% aller nichtkristallinen Protonen eine flüssigkeitsähnliche Bewegung ausführen. Bei lösungskristallisiertem linearem Polyäthylen derselben Kristallinität ist der Anteil mit (3 ±1)% noch wesentlich kleiner. Durch die Quellung des Polyäthylens mit Tetrachlorkohlenstoff erhöht sich die Beweglichkeit in den nichtkristallinen Bereichen. Dies äußert sich in der Erniedrigung der Glastemperatur sowie in einer Verschmälerung der mittleren und schmalen Komponente. Verzweigtes Polyäthylen zeigt aufgrund seiner durch die Verzweigungsstellen gestörten Struktur ein von linearem Polyäthylen abweichendes Verhalten.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 962-979 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The molecular motions of polymers change the line shapes of their NMR spectra. By analyzing the line shapes information is obtained about the type of motion and the number of the participating protons. Following a method firstly applied to polyethylene, the spectra of several partial crystalline polymers are decomposed into three components of differing line width. Hereby rigid, hindered mobile and microbrownian mobile protons can be distinguished. In the temperature range where all crystalline protons are rigid and all noncrystalline ones are mobile, the crystalline fraction of a polymer is identical with the rigid fraction. From this a new method for the determination of the crystallinity is derived. Furthermore in the case where all dielectric active motions are also NMR active, a correlation between NMR and dielectric properties is obtained such that a dielectric loss factor maximum always corresponds to a step of the mobile proton fraction. Finally it is found that only a small fraction of the noncrystalline protons is able to perform microbrownian motions. The following polymers are examined: polyethylene, polyoxymethylene, polyethylene oxide, polytetramethylene oxide, polyvinilidene chloride, polypropylene and 6 polyamide.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Molekularbewegungen der Polymeren verändern die Linienform der NMR-Spektren. Aus der Linienformanalyse lassen sich Aussagen über die Art der Bewegung sowie die Zahl der daran beteiligten Protonen gewinnen. Nach einer zunächst an Polyäthylen erprobten Separationsmethode werden die Spektren einer Reihe teilkristalliner Polymerer in drei Komponenten unterschiedlicher Wendepunktsbreite zerlegt. Hierbei werden unbewegliche, behindert bewegliche und mikrobrownsch bewegliche Protonen unterschieden. In dem Temperaturbereich, in dem alle kristallinen Protonen unbeweglich und alle nichtkristallinen beweglich sind, stimmt die Kristallinität eines Polymeren mit dem unbeweglichen Protonenanteil überein. Hieraus leitet sich eine neue Methode der Kristallinitätsbestimmung ab. Ferner ergibt sich unter der fast immer erfüllten Voraussetzung, daß alle NMR-aktiven Bewegungen auch dielektrisch aktiv sind, eine Korrelation beider Meßverfahren derart, daß einem dielektrischen Verlustzahlmaximum stets eine Stufe des beweglichen Protonenanteils entspricht. Ein weiteres Ergebnis dieser Untersuchung ist, daß der Anteil der Protonen, die oberhalb der Glastemperatur zu einer mikrobrownschen Bewegung befähigt sind, in allen Fällen wesentlich kleiner als der nichtkristalline Anteil ist. Die Untersuchung erstreckt sich auf die Stoffe Polyäthylen, Polyoxymethylen, Polyäthylenoxid, Polytetramethylenoxid, Polyvinylidenchlorid, Polypropylen und 6-Polyamid.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 193-206 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The restriction of molecular mobility of unsaturated polyester resins during the curing process is investigated by NMR measurements. By combining pulse and wide-line methods it is possible to study the whole curing process from the liquid resin to the cured material. Three kinds of protons can be distinguished: very mobile, less mobile and immobile ones, corresponding essentially to the unpolymerized styrene, the free polyester molecules and the already cured and glasslike regions, respectively. Both spin spin relaxation times of the liquid resins depend only on the viscosity of the solutions, but not on the structure of the resins. During the curing process a decrease of the larger relaxation time from approximately 0.3 to 2 · 10− 5 s and an increase of the rigid proton fraction is found. With the materials having a glass transition temperature above room temperature, still 7 to 18 percent of the protons are mobile after a curing at room temperature. By curing at increased temperature the mobile fraction drops to 3 to 7 percent. At the same time the mechanical strength of the sample increases. With the materials having a glass transition temperature below room temperature, however, the mobile fraction is much larger and there is no change with thermal treatment observed. The size of the mobile regions can be estimated from the fitting of the relaxation time and the mobile fractions at a fixed time of the curing. From light scattering and NMR measurements a new model for the structure of the cured materials is obtained. The model explains several properties of the cured material which cannot be explained by the model of an infinite network of the polyester molecules being connected by styrene bridges.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Einschränkung der Molekularbeweglichkeit während der Härtung ungesättigter Polyesterharze wird durch NMR-Messungen verfolgt. Durch Kombination von Impuls- und Breitlinienmethode läßt sich der gesamte Härtungsablauf vom flüssigen Harz bis zum Formstoff untersuchen. Dabei werden drei Arten von Protonen unterschieden: stark bewegliche, die vornehmlich dem nicht einpolymerisierten Styrol zuzuschreiben sind, schwächer bewegliche, die im wesentlichen den unvernetzten Polyestermolekülen entsprechen und unbewegliche, die den bereits vernetzten und glasartig erstarrten Bereichen angehören.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 243 (1971), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The (v′=6,J′=43) level in theB 1Π u electronic state of Na2 has been selectively populated by excitation with the 4 880 Å line of the argon laser. Through collisions with He atoms energy is transferred to neighbouring rotational states in Na2 and the density of these states is determined by observing fluorescence to electronic ground state. From previous measurement of the lifetime of theB 1Π u state and new measurements of the intensities of collision induced spectral lines as a function of He pressure, absolute collision cross sections for all rotational transitions up to ΔJ=±5 have been obtained. The total cross section for all rotational transitions observed is σ rot total =65±15 Å2. Preliminary results about collision induced vibrational transitions are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2014-02-21
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
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  • 7
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    Unknown
    Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
    In: PALAIOS
    Publication Date: 2013-02-23
    Description: The sedimentary record reveals first-order changes in the locus of carbonate precipitation through time, documented in the decreasing abundance of carbonate precipitation on the seafloor. This pattern is most clearly recorded by the occurrence of seafloor carbonate crystal fans (bladed aragonite pseudomorphs neomorphosed to calcite or dolomite), which have a distinct temporal distribution, ubiquitous in Archean carbonate platforms, but declining through Proterozoic time and extremely rare in Phanerozoic basins. To understand better the potential influences on this pattern, we built a mathematical framework detailing the effects of organic matter delivery and microbial respiratory metabolisms on the carbonate chemistry of shallow sediments. Two nonunique end-member solutions emerge in which seafloor precipitation is favorable: enhanced anaerobic respiration of organic matter, and low organic matter delivery to the sediment-water interface. This analysis suggests that not all crystal fans reflect a unique set of circumstances; rather there may have been several different geobiological and sedimentary mechanisms that led to their deposition. We then applied this logical framework to better understand the petrogenesis of two distinct crystal fan occurrences—the Paleoproterozoic Beechey Formation, Northwest Territories, Canada, and the middle Ediacaran Rainstorm Member of the Johnnie Formation, Basin and Range, United States—using a combination of high-resolution petrography, micro X-ray fluorescence and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy, C isotopes, and sedimentary context to provide information on geobiological processes occurring at the sediment-water interface. Interestingly, both of these Proterozoic examples are associated with iron-rich secondary mineral assemblages, have elevated trace metal signatures, and sit within maximum flooding intervals, highlighting key commonalities in synsedimentary geobiological processes that led to seafloor carbonate precipitation.
    Print ISSN: 0883-1351
    Electronic ISSN: 0883-1351
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
  • 9
    Publication Date: 2014-07-26
    Description: The Khufai Formation is the oldest carbonate platform of the Cryogenian to lowermost Cambrian Huqf Supergroup. A stratigraphic characterization of this unit includes detailed facies descriptions, a sequence-stratigraphic interpretation, and evaluation of lateral heterogeneity and overall ramp evolution. The Khufai Formation comprises one and one-half depositional sequences with a maximum flooding interval near the base of the formation and a sequence boundary within the upper peritidal facies. Most of the deposition occurred during highstand progradation of a carbonate ramp. Facies tracts include outer-ramp and midramp mudstones and wackestones, ramp-crest grainstone shoal deposits, and extensive inner-ramp, microbially dominated peritidal deposits. Outcrops in the Oman Mountains are deep-water deposits, including turbiditic grainstone and wackestone interbedded with siliciclastic-rich siltstone and crinkly laminite. Facies patterns and parasequence composition are variable both laterally across the outcrop area and vertically through time because of a combination of ramp morphology, siliciclastic supply, and possible syndepositional faulting. The lithostratigraphic boundary between the Khufai Formation and the overlying Shuram Formation is gradational and represents significant flooding of the carbonate platform. The stratigraphic characterization presented here along with the identification of key facies and diagenetic features will help further future exploration and production of hydrocarbons from the Khufai Formation.
    Print ISSN: 0149-1423
    Electronic ISSN: 0149-1423
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2010-02-21
    Print ISSN: 0947-8396
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0630
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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