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  • 1975-1979  (9)
  • 1
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    Rocket calibration of the Nimbus 6 solar constant measurements (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A sounding rocket experiment was performed in June 1976, in which the solar constant was observed simultaneously outside the earth's atmosphere by three types of absolute cavity radiometers (the Primary Absolute Cavity Radiometer and two Active Cavity Radiometers, Type IV) and duplicates of Nimbus 6 ERB/ESP (Earth Radiation Budget/Eclectic Satellite Pyrheliometer) solar channels. The preliminary average solar constant result from the cavity radiometers is 1367 W/sq m with an uncertainty of less than plus or minus 0.5% in SI units. The duplicate ERB channel 3 on the rocket gave a value of 1389 W/sq m, which agreed exactly with the Nimbus 6 ERB channel 3 measurement made simultaneously with the rocket flight.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Oct. 197
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Solar radiation measurement - Techniques and instrumentation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A general survey is presented of solar radiation measurement, techniques, and instrumentation. The importance of determining the total and spectral irradiance of the sun is examined in the context of the energy crisis and utilization of solar energy. The survey includes the extraterrestrial solar fluxes, their possible variations, problems relating to energy received by collecting surfaces on the ground, major types of instrumentation, and the radiation scales to which the measurements are referred. The type of insolation data available is reviewed. Alternate techniques of deriving insolation data with high space-time resolution are discussed with reference to solar energy conversion requirements. Energy received on the ground can be computed from known values of the extraterrestrial solar spectrum and of the spectral absorption parameters of the atmosphere. Another technique is based on measurements made by meteorological satellites of the cloud-cover and of the solar energy reflected and scattered back to space by the earth-atmosphere system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Solar irradiance - Total and spectral and its possible variations (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present status of our knowledge of the total and spectral irradiance of the sun is briefly reviewed. The currently accepted NASA/ASTM standard values of the solar constant and the extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance are presented. The uncertainties in these values are relatively high. Data on the variability of the solar constant are conflicting and inconclusive. The variability of solar spectral irradiance is almost totally unknown and unexplored. Some alleged sun-weather relationships are cited in support of the need to know more precisely the variations in total and spectral solar irradiance. An overview of the solar monitoring program of NASA is presented, with special emphasis on the Solar Energy Monitor in Space (SEMIS) experiment which has been proposed for several spacecraft missions. The monitor is a combination of a solar-constant detector and a prism monochromator.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Apr. 197
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Measures of the solar spectral irradiance between 1200 and 3000 A (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Tabulated data on solar flux measurements are presented. The measurements, taken from balloons, rockets and satellites, are not new data, but have been critically re-evaluated. The eleven year sunspot cycle is discussed. Also discussed is the brightness temperature. The effect of solar radiation at various wavelengths, on the photochemistry of stratospheric ozone is briefly discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71172 , X-912-76-171
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    The total and spectral solar irradiance and its possible variations (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The present status of knowledge of the total and spectral irradiance of the sun is briefly reviewed. Currently accepted values of the solar constant and the extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance are presented along with a discussion of how they were derived. Data on the variability of the solar constant are shown to be conflicting and inconclusive. Some of the alleged sun-weather relationships are cited in support of the need of knowing more precisely the variations in total and spectral solar irradiance. An overview of a solar monitoring program is discussed, with special emphasis on the Solar Energy Monitor in Space experiment which was proposed for several spacecraft missions. It is a combination of a solar constant detector and a prism monochromator. The determination of absolute values and the possible variations of the total and spectral solar irradiance, from measurements outside of the atmosphere is discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70944 , X-912-75-155 , Solar Constant Workshop; May 19, 1975 - May 21, 1975; Big Bear Lake Obs., CA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Rocket calibration of the Nimbus 6 solar constant measurements (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Total solar irradiance was observed simultaneously outside the earth's atmosphere by three types of absolute cavity radiometers and duplicates of four of the Nimbus 6 Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) solar channels in a June 1976 sounding rocket experiment. The preliminary average solar constant result from the cavity radiometers is 1367 Wm (-2) with an uncertainty of less than + or - 0.5% in S.I. units. The duplicate ERB channel 3 on the rocket gave a value of 1389 Wm (-2) which agreed exactly with the Nimbus 6 ERB channel 3 measurement made simultaneously with the rocket flight.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71305 , X-942-77-66
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Experimental and theoretical studies on solar energy for energy conversion (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper presents the results of investigations made experimentally and theoretically to evaluate the various parameters that affect the amount of solar energy received on a collector surface. Measurements were made over a long period of time using both pyranometer and pyrheliometer. Computation of spectral and total irradiance at ground level have been made for a large variety of combinations of atmospheric parameters for ozone density, precipitable water vapor, turbidity-coefficients and air mass. A study of the air mass as a function of irradiance measured at GSFC, and comparison of the data with the computed values of total direct solar irradiance for various parameters indicate that turbidity changes with time of the day; atmospheric opacity is less in the afternoon than in the morning.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Joint Conference on Sharing the sun: Solar technology in the seventies; Aug 15, 1976 - Aug 20, 1976; Winnipeg; Canada
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Insolation data for solar energy conversion derived from satellite measurements of earth radiance (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Detailed knowledge of the irradiance of the sun at ground locations is essential for the design and evaluation of solar energy conversion systems. The primary source of such data is the global network of weather stations. Such stations are often too far apart and for most locations the data available are only daily total irradiance or monthly averages. Solar energy conversion programs require insolation data with considerably higher geographical and temporal resolution. Meteorological satellites gather routinely extensive data on the energy reflected and scattered into space by the earth-atmosphere system. A program has been initiated to use such data for deriving ground insolation for energy conversion. Some of the preliminary results of this program will be discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Joint Conference on Sharing the sun: Solar technology in the seventies; Aug 15, 1976 - Aug 20, 1976; Winnipeg; Canada
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Survey of quantitative data on the solar energy and its spectra distribution (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper presents a survey of available quantitative data on the total and spectral solar irradiance at ground level and outside the atmosphere. Measurements from research aircraft have resulted in the currently accepted NASA/ASTM standards of the solar constant and zero air mass solar spectral irradiance. The intrinsic variability of solar energy output and programs currently under way for more precise measurements from spacecraft are discussed. Instrumentation for solar measurements and their reference radiation scales are examined. Insolation data available from the records of weather stations are reviewed for their applicability to solar energy conversion. Two alternate methods of solarimetry are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: International Conference on Heliotechnique and development; Nov 02, 1975 - Nov 06, 1975; Dhahran; Saudi Arabia
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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