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  • 1
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    B1-b2 transition in calcium oxide from shock-wave and diamond-cell experiments (1979)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-11-16
    Description: Volume and structural data obtained by shock-wave and diamond-cell techniques demonstrate that calcium oxide transforms from the B1 (sodium chloride type) to the B2 (cesium chloride type) structure at 60 to 70 gigapascals (0.6 to 0.7 megabar) with a volume decrease of 11 percent. The agreement between the shockwave and diamond-cell results independently confirms the ruby-fluorescence pressure scale to about 65 gigapascals. The shock-wave data agree closely with ultrasonic measurements on the B1 phase and also agree satisfactorily with equations of state derived from ab initio calculations. The discovery of this B1-B2 transition is significant in that it allows considerable enrichment of calcium components in the earth's lower mantle, which is consistent with inhomogeneous accretion theories.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jeanloz, R -- Ahrens, T J -- Mao, H K -- Bell, P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1979 Nov 16;206(4420):829-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17820761" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Meteorite Impact Ejecta: Dependence of Mass and Energy Lost on Planetary Escape Velocity (1977)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977-12-23
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science
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  • 3
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    Low-velocity impact craters in ice and ice-saturated sand with implications for Martian crater count ages (1979)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union
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  • 4
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    Post-shock temperatures in minerals (1979)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Astronomical Society.
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  • 5
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    Release adiabat measurements on minerals - The effect of viscosity (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper examines the effect of viscosity in the release adiabat measurements on minerals. The current inversion of pressure-particle velocity data for release from a high-pressure shock state to a pressure-density path usually depends critically upon the assumption that the release process is isentropic. It has been shown that the effective viscosity for geological materials below stresses of 150 GPa must be at least 1000 kg/m/s so that viscous work in the shock state remains small compared to mechanical work recovered upon adiabatic rarefaction. The magnitude of the shear stress in the shock state in minerals and viscosities of engineering materials shocked to pressures below 150 GPa show effective viscosities of about 1000 kg/m/s or less indicating that the conditions for isentropic release of materials from shock states are achieved and that the Riemann integral can be applied to obtain pressure-density states along the release adiabats of minerals.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 10
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Post-shock temperatures in minerals (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experimental technique for the measurement of post-shock temperatures in minerals is presented, and silicate post-shock temperature measurements are compared with theoretical calculations. The technique involves the use of infrared detectors to determine the brightness temperatures at 4.5 to 5.75 microns and 7 to 14 microns of samples shocked to between 5 and 30 GPa. Results obtained for aluminum 2024 and stainless steel 304, as well as for Bamble bronzite and synthetic crystal forsterite are found at low pressures to be considerably in excess of the temperatures predicted assuming a hydrodynamic rheology and isentropic release parallel to the Hugoniot. The results are shown to be in better agreement, however, with values calculated assuming elastoplastic behavior, and the post-shock temperatures of crystalline quartz are found to be in good agreement with those calculated by Mashimo et al. (1979) from release adiabat data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Journal; 58; 1979
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Low-velocity impact craters in ice and ice-saturated sand with implications for Martian crater count ages (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper reports on a series of low-velocity impact experiments performed in ice and ice-saturated sand. It is found that crater diameters in ice-saturated sand were about 2 times larger than in the same energy and velocity range in competent blocks of granite, basalt and cement, while craters in ice were 3 times larger. It is shown that if this dependence of crater size on strength persists to large hypervelocity impact craters, then surface of geologic units composed of ice or ice-saturated soil would have greater crater count ages than rocky surfaces with identical influx histories. Among the conclusions are that Martian impact crater energy versus diameter scaling may also be a function of latitude.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 30
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    Shock-produced olivine glass - First observation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations of an experimentally shock-deformed single crystal of natural peridot, /Mg(0.88)Fe(0.12)/2SiO4, recovered from peak pressures of about 56 billion pascals revealed the presence of amorphous zones located within crystalline regions with a high density of tangled dislocations. This is the first reported observation of olivine glass. The shocked sample exhibits a wide variation in the degree of shock deformation on a small scale, and the glass appears to be intimately associated with the highest density of dislocations. This study suggests that olivine glass may be formed as a result of shock at pressures above about 50 to 55 billion pascals and that further TEM observations of naturally shocked olivines may demonstrate the presence of glass.
    Keywords: CHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS (GENERAL)
    Type: Science; 197; July 29
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Meteorite impact ejecta - Dependence of mass and energy lost on planetary escape velocity (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The amounts of material and energy which escape a planet in a meteorite impact event is calculated as functions of impact and escape velocities. Results are obtained from the computed flow induced by the impact of iron and gabbroic anorthosite spheres onto a half-space of anorthosite at impact velocities of 5 to 45 km/sec. The impact-induced flows were determined by a numerical method using the mass, momentum, and energy conservation relations in finite-difference approximation, within an Eulerian computational grid. The impact velocities at which ejecta losses equal meteorite mass gains are found to be approximately 20, 35, and 45 km/sec for anorthosite objects and approximately 25, 35, and 40 km/sec for iron objects striking anorthosite surfaces for the gravity fields of the moon, Mercury and Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 198; Dec. 23
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Compaction by impact of unconsolidated lunar fines (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: New Hugoniot and release adiabat data for 1.8 g/cu cm lunar fines in the approximately 2 to 70 kbar range demonstrate that upon shock compression intrinsic crystal density (approximately 3.1 g/cu cm) is achieved under shock stress of 15 to 20 kbar. Release adiabat determinations indicate that measurable irreversible compaction occurs upon achieving shock pressures above approximately 4 kbar. For shocks in the approximately 7 to 15 kbar range, the inferred post-shock specific volumes observed decrease nearly linearly with increasing peak shock pressures. Upon shocking to approximately 15 kbar the post-shock density is approximately that of the intrinsic minerals. If the present data are taken to be representative of the response to impact of unconsolidated regolith material on the moon, it is inferred that the formation of appreciable quantities of soil breccia can be associated with the impact of meteoroids or ejecta at speeds as low as approximately 1 km/sec.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-142877 , CONTRIB-2626
    Format: application/pdf
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