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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small-Angle Neutron Scattering of Selectively Deuterated Cellulose (1978)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 11 (1978), S. 213-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma60061a039
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COMMENTARY ON DEVELOPENTAL FACTORS (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 299 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb41915.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bone fluoride concentrations associated with fluoridated drinking water (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 95-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Fluoride ; Analysis ; Food ; Age
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Recently published bone fluoride values from Iowa are very high compared to earlier reports, suggesting an increase in fluoride intake. Reanalysis of the Iowa specimens shows levels one-fourth those reported by the Iowa laboratory indicating an error in the original report. Seventeen bone specimens, collected from long-term residents of Rochester, New York, drinking 1 ppm F− water, had a mean value of 2085±270 ppm F− on an ashed-weight basis. This value is not significantly different from that predicted by the data of Zipkin et al. in 1958. These data, therefore, do not support the contention that there has been an increase in fluoride intake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441168
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monomolecular adsorption and crystallite diameters of cellulose from structural and adsorption considerations (1977)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 11 (1977), S. 39-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Calculations of the monomolecular water vapor adsorption by three different celluloses (cotton, wood pulp and cellophane) from structural considerations are in agreement with the BET determined values for crystallite diameters of 16 to 200 Å on the basis of adsorption being confined to the fraction f of the three hydroxyl groups per anhydroglucose unit that are available on the surface of the crystallites and within the amorphous zones, when f ranges from 0.16 to 0.29. These low values of f are compatible with the fact that the void volume of the amorphous zones does not exceed about 6%. More exact values for f are needed before more definite values for the crystallite diameters can be estimated. A modified fringe micelle diagram containing a considerable amount of chain association in the amorphous zones is given that meets the requirement dictated by the calculations. Another approach, involving direct estimation of the adsorbing surface areas of crystallites and amorphous zones, on the basis of adjacent surfaces being shared by water molecules adsorbed between them, gives surface areas somewhat larger than the BET values using the same f values. Agreement with values from the former approach is obtained if only 75% of the surface per anhydroglucose unit is considered effective for adsorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353600
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Void structure and permeability of paper relative to that of wood (1979)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 13 (1979), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Differences in the permeabilities of wood and paper are considered on the basis of differences in structure resulting in intra fiber permeability of wood and inter fiber permeability of paper as shown by measurements of the pressure to displace saturating liquids held in the structure by surface tension forces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350174
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cross sectional dimensions of wood pulp fibers from softwood fiber counts (1978)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary There are, on the average, about 300 fibers or tracheids per centimeter in both the tangential and radial directions in cross sections of softwoods when the counts are made over complete annual rings with the extremes varying from about 200 fibers per centimeter for redwood to about 400 fibers per centimeter for Alaska yellow cedar. Fiber widths, including half of surrounding middle lamella, range from about 50 μm for redwood to 25μm for Alaska yellow cedar, averaging about 33 μm. Average lumen widths vary but slightly with changes in the specific gravity of the wood whereas the double cell wall thickness varies directly with the specific gravity. Effects of pulping to different pulp yields on the fiber dimensions are calculated with the use of two newly developed equations. The theoretical thickness of completely collapsed pulp fibers is equal to their double cell wall thickness. Complete collapse rarely if ever occurs as it requires double fractures of the cell wall. In practice, collapse of fibers is incomplete so their thickness is usually two or more times the theoretical minimum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00372865
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transmission microscopy of freeze dried, unstained epiphyseal cartilage of the guinea pig (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 167 (1976), S. 243-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epiphysis ; Apatitic nucleation ; Vesicle mineralization ; Collagen mineralization ; Matrix function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Frage nach der Art und dem Ort der ersten Minerali-sierung in der Epiphysenplatte wurde bis jetzt an Proben untersucht, die nach den herkömmlichen Methoden der elektronenmikroskopischen Präparation vorbereitet worden waren. Da durch solche konventionellen Präparationsmethoden Artefakte erzeugt werden können, die in einem Herauslösen und/oder einer ungewollten Wiederausfällung von Mineralsubstanz im Gewebe bestehen, untersuchten wir den Mineralisierungsvorgang in der Epiphysenfuge an Substanz, die schnell tiefgefroren, gefriergetrocknet, ohne Kontrastierung eingebettet, und von der Ultradünnschnitte angefertigt wurden, die nur einen kurzen Kontakt mit H2O hatten. Wir konnten die von den meisten Autoren vertretene Theorie erhärten, daß die erste Mineralisierung — vollkommen bzw. vorherrschend — in extrazellulären Matrixvesikeln beginnt, und daß erst sekundär die umliegenden Bezirke mit mineralisiert werden. Mineralisierte Matrixvesikeln wurden in den vollmineralisierten langen Septen bis herab zur Eröffnungszone gefunden. Wir konnten auch Mineralisierungen in transversalen Septen beobachten, in denen bereits organische Substanz angelegt war. Die typische radiale Ausrichtung der apatitischen Nadeln und länglichen Blättchen in den Matrixvesikeln erklärten wir durch die Ausbildung eines ionotropen Gels infolge vektoriellen Einstroms der Ca- und Phosphat-Ionen und durch eine Mineralisierung an den so geordneten Makromolekülen. Durch Vermessungen stellten wir fest, daß die Abstände zwischen den Mitten von benachbarten punktartigen Mineralgebilden innerhalb der Nadeln und Ketten vorwiegend im Bereich von 30–56 Å liegen und die Seitenabstände zwischen dicht zusammenliegenden, parallel orientierten Nadeln vorwiegend im Bereich von 30–42 Å. Parallele periodische Streifen innerhalb solcher apatitischen Nadeln deuteten wir als Abbildungen der 8.2 Å-(100)-Netzebenen des Apatits, ein Zeichen dafür, daß diese Gebilde bereits Kriterien des Apatitgitters besitzen.
    Notes: Summary The question of the initial mineralization in the epiphyseal plate has been investigated to date in specimens prepared by conventional electron microscopical techniques. As conventional techniques can produce artifacts, either a loss of mineral substance or a secondary nucleation, the mineralization process was investigated using freeze dried, vacuum embedded growth cartilage which was neither contrasted nor stained and which had a very short contact with water. The prevailing theory that the first mineralization begins within extracellular matrix vesicles and that the mineralization outside these vesicles is a secondary process was confirmed. Mineralized matrix vesicles were found in the fully mineralized long septa down to the opening zone. In several cases a mineralization could be observed in those transverse septa in which organic substance was present between the cells. The typical radial arrangement of the apatitic needles and platelets in the matrix vesicles could be explained by the formation of a mineralization in an ionotropic gel, the orientation of the matrix macromolecules to be produced by a vectorial influx of calcium ions and phosphate groups coming from different directions. Thin strands of mineral substance with low contrast, which follow the direction of the longitudinal septum, were assumed to be the mineralized collagen fibrils. In several needles dot-like formations were seen and the distance between the middle of neighbouring dots was found to lie mainly in the range 30–56 Å, while the lateral separation distance between the middle of closely packed parallel chains and needles was found to lie mainly in the range 30-42 Å. Parallel periodic structures which could be visualized in apatitic chains and needles 20–40 Å in diameter were assumed to be the 8.2 Å-(100)-lattice planes of apatite, being an indication that these formations already possess criteria of the apatite lattice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224331
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaktionen mit Aziridinen, XII. 1,3-Diacyl-2- pyrrolidon-Verbindungen aus 1-Acylaziridinen und Malonestern (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 500-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction with Aziridines, XII. 1,3-Diacyl-2-pyrrolidone Compounds from 1-Acylaziridines and Alkyl MalonatesReaction of the 1-acylaziridines 1a- f with the sodium salts 2a-c of dialkyl malonates yields the 1-acyl-3-alkoxycarbonyl-2-pyrrolidones 4a-1. I.r. and 1H n.m.r. data are reported.
    Notes: Umsetzung der 1-Acylaziridine 1a-f mit der Natriumsalzen 2a-c von Malonsäure- dialkylestern liefert die 1-Acyl-3-alkoxycarbonyl-2- pyrrolidone 4a-1. IR- und 1H-NMR- Daten werden mitgeteilt.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19751080214
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaktionen mit Aziridinen, XIII. Ringöffnung von 1-(Diphenylcarbamoyl)aziridin durch Anionen von β-Dicarbonylverbindungen (1976)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 2005-2013 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Aziridines, XIII. Ring Opening of 1-(Diphenylcarbamoyl)aziridine by Anions of β- Dicarbonyl CompoundsDi-ethyl malonate, di-tert_butyl malonate, ethyl acetoacetate, tert-butyl acetoacetate, ethyl cyanoacetate, three substituted ethyl cyanoacetates and malononitrile are alkylated with 2-(3,3-di-phenylureido)ethyl groups by ring opening of 1-(diphenylcarbamoyl)aziridine (1c) in the presence of alkoxide. The new products are mono (6a-c, e-h, j) or dialkylated (8b, d, e, i, k, l). In two cases the products have been altered by secondary reaction with the alcohol used as solvent: by deacetylation (8d→8k) and by addition of alcohol to a nitrile group yielding the imidate (8i→8I).
    Notes: Malonsäure-diäthylester, Malonsäure-di-tert-butylester, Acetessigsäure-äthylester, Acetessigsäure-tert-butylester, Cyanessigsäure-äthylester, drei substituierte Cyanessigsäure-äthylester und Malononitril werden in Gegenwart von Alkoholat durch Ringöffnung von 1-(Diphenylcarbamoyl)aziridin (1c) mit 2-(3,3-Diphenylureido)äthyl-Resten Zweifach (8b, d, e, i, k, l) oder einfach (6a-c, c, e-h, j) substituiert. Die Produkte waren in zwei Fällen durch Sekundärreaktion mit dem Solvens Äthanol verändert: durch Entacylierung (8d → 8k) bzw. durch Alkoholaddition an eine Nitrilgruppe zum Imidoester (8i → 8l).
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19761090606
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaktionen mit Aziridinen, XV: Amidoethylierung von Triarylmethanen und Diarylaminen mit 1-Acylaziridinen (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 502-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Aziridines, XV: Amidoethylation of Triarylmethanes and Diarylamines with 1-AcylaziridinesThe N-acyl-3,3,3-triphenylpropylamines 4a-d and the N-acyl-3,3-diphenyl-3-(2-pyridyl)propylamines 7a-d are obtained in good yields by ring opening of the 1-acylaziridines 2a-d with tritylsodium (1) or 2-azatritylsodium (5), respectively. Side and secondary products such as the acylaminoethyl compounds 11 and 16 and the ureas XCH2CH2NH-CO-NHCH2CH2Y (13, 14, 15) are formed, if the 1-acylaziridines 2a, b with an acyl moiety XCO having a nucleofuge radical X react with azatritylsodium at room temperature or above. The sodium derivatives of diphenylamine and carbazole react analogously with the acylaziridines 2b and 2a.
    Notes: Durch Ringöffnung der 1-Acylaziridine 2a-d mit Tritylnatrium (1) bzw. 2-Azatritylnatrium (5) lassen sich die N-Acyl-3,3,3-triphenylpropylamine 4a-d bzw. die N-Acyl-3,3-diphenyl-3-(2-pyridyl)propylamine 7a-d in guten Ausbeuten gewinnen. Werden die 1-Acylaziridine 2a, b, deren Acylrest XCO einen nucleofugen Rest X besitzt, mit 2-Azatritylnatrium bei Raumtemperatur oder darüber umgesetzt, so entstehen Neben- und Folgeprodukte wie die Acylaminoethylverbindungen 11 und 16 und Harnstoffverbindungen XCH2CH2NH—CO—NHCH2CH2Y (13, 14, 15). Die Natriumverbindungen von Diphenylamin bzw. Carbazol reagieren mit den Acylaziridinen 2b bzw. 2a analog.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19781110209
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