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  • 1975-1979  (15)
  • 1
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    Crystal activation experiment MA-151 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The crystal activation experiment consisted of two sample packages that were flown in the command module and returned to earth for analysis of the radioactivity induced in them during the flight. The objective of the experiment was to define the background caused by detector activation that interferes when gamma radiation is measured in the 0.02- to 10-megaelectronvolt range from earth orbit. Preliminary results show that the activation of the NaI(Tl) crystal was a factor of 3 below that from a similar measurement on Apollo 17. The identification of certain species and the level of activation observed show an important contribution from the interactions of thermal and energetic neutrons produced as secondaries in the spacecraft. That the activation was reduced by only a factor of 3 compared with the Apollo 17 experiment, despite the geomagnetically shielded orbit, possibly indicates more efficient secondary neutron production by the more energetic cosmic rays.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 10 p
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Planetary gamma-ray spectroscopy (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The measured intensities of certain gamma rays of specific energies escaping from a planetary surface can be used to determine the abundances of a number of elements. The fluxes of the more intense gamma-ray lines emitted from 32 elements were calculated using current nuclear data and existing models for the source processes. The source strengths for neutron-capture reactions were modified from those previously used. The fluxes emitted form a surface of average lunar composition are reported for 292 gamma-ray lines. These theoretical fluxes were used elsewhere to convert the data from the Apollo gamma-ray spectrometers to elemental abundances and can be used with measurements from future missions to map the concentrations of a number of elements over a planet's surface. Detection sensitivities for these elements are examined and applications of gamma-ray spectroscopy for future orbiters to Mars and other solar-system objects are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 98-148
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Radioactivity observed in the sodium iodide gamma-ray spectrometer returned on the Apollo 17 mission (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: In order to obtain information on radioactive background induced in the Apollo 15 and 16 gamma-ray spectrometers (7 cm x 7 cm NaI) by particle irradiation during spaceflight, and identical detector was flown and returned to earth on the Apollo 17 mission. The induced radioactivity was monitored both internally and externally from one and a half hours after splashdown. When used in conjunction with a computation scheme for estimating induced activation from calculated trapped proton and cosmic-ray fluences, these results show an important contribution resulting from both thermal and energetic neutrons produced in the heavy spacecraft by cosmic-ray interactions.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; Aug. 197
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Lunar elemental analysis obtained from the Apollo gamma-ray and X-ray remote sensing experiment (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Gamma-ray and X-ray spectrometers carried in the service modules of the Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 spacecraft were employed for compositional mapping of the lunar surface. The measurements involved the observation of the intensity and characteristic energy distribution of gamma rays and X-rays emitted from the lunar surface. A large-scale compositional map of over 10 percent of the lunar surface was obtained from an analysis of the observed spectra. The objective of the X-ray experiment was to measure the K spectral lines from Mg, Al, and Si. Spectra were obtained and the data were reduced to Al/Si and Mg/Si intensity ratios and ultimately to chemical ratios. Analyses of the results have indicated (1) that the Al/Si ratios are highest in the lunar highlands and considerably lower in the maria, and (2) that the Mg/Si concentrations generally show the opposite relationship. The objective of the gamma-ray experiment was to measure the natural and cosmic-ray-induced activity emission spectrum. At this time, the elemental abundances for Th, U, K, Fe, Ti, Si, and O have been determined over a number of major lunar regions. Regions of relatively high natural radioactivity were found in the Mare Imbrium and Oceanus Procellarum regions.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, pt. 1; p 153-182
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Surface chemistry of selected lunar regions (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A completely new analysis has been carried out on the data from the Apollo 15 and 16 gamma ray spectrometer experiments. The components of the continuum background have been estimated. The elements Th, K, Fe and Mg give useful results; results for Ti are significant only for a few high Ti regions. Errors are given, and the results are checked by other methods. Concentrations are reported for about sixty lunar regions; the ground track has been subdivided in various ways. The borders of the maria seem well-defined chemically, while the distribution of KREEP is broad. This wide distribution requires emplacement of KREEP before the era of mare formation. Its high concentration in western mare soils seems to require major vertical mixing.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: NASA-TM-X-71157 , X-682-76-149
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Predicted versus observed cosmic-ray-produced noble gases in lunar samples - Improved Kr production ratios (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: New sets of cross sections for the production of krypton isotopes from targets of Rb, Sr, Y, and Zr have been constructed primarily on the bases of experimental excitation functions for Kr production from Y. These cross sections were used to calculate galactic-cosmic-ray and solar-proton production rates for Kr isotopes in the moon. The paper reports spallation Kr data obtained from ilmenite separates of rocks 10017 and 10047. Production rates and isotopic ratios for cosmogenic Kr observed in ten well-documented lunar samples and in ilmenite separates and bulk samples from several lunar rocks with long but unknown irradiation histories were compared with predicted rates and ratios. The agreements were generally quite good.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: CONF-790381-2 , LA-UR-79-1582 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 19, 1979 - Mar 23, 1979; Houston, TX
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Computer-generated maps of lunar composition from gamma-ray data (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Processing of some of the gamma-ray data obtained by Apollo 15 and 16 has been accomplished by analyzing count rates in three energy bands. The count rate variations in the three energy bands are due in various degrees to thorium, uranium, potassium, iron and titanium. The mapping which results from the gamma-ray count rates has an effective resolution of about two degrees. Regions of high titanium content in certain maria, the low values of iron in a zone of the central equatorial highland and the relatively low value of iron near Archimedes are noted.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: CONF-770322-5 , LA-UR-77-1487 , Lunar Science Conference; Mar 14, 1977 - Mar 18, 1977; Houston, TX
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    Surface chemistry of selected lunar regions (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A completely new analysis has been carried out on the data from the Apollo 15 and 16 gamma ray spectrometer experiments. The components of the continuum background have been estimated. The elements Th, K, Fe and Mg give useful results; results for Ti are significant only for a few high Ti regions. Errors are given, and the results are checked by other methods. Concentrations are reported for about sixty lunar regions; the ground track has been subdivided in various ways. The borders of the maria seem well-defined chemically, while the distribution of KREEP is broad. This wide distribution requires emplacement of KREEP before the era of mare formation. Its high concentration in western mare soils seems to require major vertical mixing.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: NASA-TM-X-74611 , LA-UR-76-972 , CONF-760323-4 , Lunar Sci. Conf. on Util. of Lunar Mater. and Expertise for Large Scale Operations in Space; Mar 15, 1976 - Mar 19, 1976; Houston, TX; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
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    Planetary gamma-ray spectroscopy (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The measured intensities of certain gamma rays of specific energies escaping from a planetary surface can be used to determine the abundances of a number of elements. The fluxes of the more intense gamma ray lines emitted from 32 elements have been calculated using current nuclear data and existing models for the source processes. The fluxes emitted from a surface of average lunar composition are reported for 292 gamma ray lines. Detection sensitivities for various elements are examined and applications of gamma ray spectroscopy for future orbiters to Mars and other solar system objects are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 13, 1978 - Mar 17, 1978; Houston, TX
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Comparisons between observed and predicted cosmogenic noble gases in lunar samples (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Comparisons are made between cosmogenic production rates and isotopic ratios predicted on the basis of nuclear systematics with those observed in well-documented lunar samples. Although some significant differences are found, the agreement in general is surprisingly good. The predicted production rates for Ar-38 and Xe-126 agree reasonably well with observation but the predicted rate for Ne-21 appears to be too high; in most cases the predicted rate for Kr-83 agrees to within 50%, although some larger differences are apparent. There are some prominent cases in which predicted isotopic compositons differ from observation: Kr-78/Kr-83 trends in the wrong sense with the Zr/Sr ratio; Xe-124/Xe-126 is too large by about 13%; Xe-128/Xe-126 is too small by about 6%; Xe-130/Xe-126 is too low by 30-40%.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 13, 1978 - Mar 17, 1978; Houston, TX
    Format: text
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