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  • 1
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    Laboratory observations of plasma double-layers. (1978)
    Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-01-01
    Description: We report the results of two on-going laboratory experiments studying the formation and steady-state characteristics of double-layers. © 1978, Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1392
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
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    Fluorescence detection of organic molecules in the Jovian atmosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A search for fluorescent emission due to the presence of possible organic molecules in the Jovian atmosphere is described. We first consider natural Jovian fluorescent emission excited by precipitating auroral particles. Due to our lack of knowledge of the Jovian precipitating particle energies and fluxes we next consider fluorescent emission excited by a laser system aboard a Jupiter spacecraft. Laser-induced fluorescence is routinely used to monitor trace constituents and pollutants in the terrestrial atmosphere. Several spacecraft laser systems are currently under development. Our calculations indicate that laser-induced fluorescent detection is approximately two orders of magnitude more sensitive than rocket ultraviolet measurements of possible Jovian absorption features at 2600 A that have been attributed to the presence of adenine or benzene.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Solar radiation incident on Mars and the outer planets - Latitudinal, seasonal, and atmospheric effects (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Calculations of the daily solar radiation incident at the tops of the atmospheres of Mars and the outer planets and its variability with latitude and season are presented in a series of figures and tables. The changes in the latitudinal and seasonal distributions of daily surface insolation during the great Martian dust storm of 1971 (when Martian atmospheric optical depth increased from about tau = 0.1 to 2.0) were significant and dramatically illustrate the effect of atmospheric aerosols on surface insolation; i.e., the mean annual daily insolation at the poles decreased by more than a factor of 100 as tau increased from 0.1 to 2.0.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 31; May 1977
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    A new estimate of volatile outgassing on Mars (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The presence of 28% argon on Mars, as calculated by Levine and Riegler (1974) and indirectly inferred from Soviet Mars-6 lander data, has important implications for the outgassing history of H2O, CO2, and N2 on Mars. Even if the terrestrial volatile outgassing ratio is only approximately valid for Mars, then large quantities of H2O (of the order of 100,000 g/sq cm), about 10,000 g/sq cm of CO2 (about 1000 times more CO2 than found at present in the Martian atmosphere), and some 450 g/sq cm of N2 may have outgassed over the history of Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 28; June 197
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Atomic hydrogen on Mars - Measurements at solar minimum (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Copernicus Orbiting Astronomical Observatory was used to obtain measurements of Mars Lyman-alpha (1215.671-angstrom) emission at the solar minimum, which has resulted in the first information on atomic hydrogen concentrations in the upper atmosphere of Mars at the solar minimum. The Copernicus measurements, coupled with the Viking in situ measurements of the temperature (170 plus or minus 30 K) of the upper atmosphere of Mars, indicate that the atomic hydrogen number density at the exobase of Mars (250 kilometers) is about 60 times greater than that deduced from Mariner 6 and 7 Lyman-alpha measurements obtained during a period of high solar activity. The Copernicus results are consistent with Hunten's hypothesis of the diffusion-limited escape of atomic hydrogen from Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 200; June 2
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    The effect of paleoatmospheric ozone on surface temperature (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Photochemical and radiative-convective calculations are performed to evaluate the influence of ozone in determining the surface temperature of the paleoatmosphere prior to the buildup of molecular oxygen to its present atmospheric level. Possible effects of atmospheric dynamics on the photochemistry and thermal structure of the paleoatmosphere are neglected, and the present atmospheric values are assumed for the tropospheric water-vapor relative-humidity distribution and lapse rate as well as for the fractional cloud amount and cloud reflectivity. It is found that the radiative effects (at IR and solar wavelengths) of ozone for a molecular oxygen level of one-tenth the present atmospheric level resulted in a globally averaged surface-temperature increase of about 4.5 K for the present solar constant. Implications of the results for paleoclimate are briefly considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 39; Aug. 197
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    The evolution and variability of atmospheric ozone over geological time (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The rise of atmospheric O3 as a function of the evolution of O2 has been investigated using a one-dimensional steady-state photochemical model based on the chemistry and photochemistry of Ox(O3, O, O(1D)), N2O, NOx(NO, NO2, HNO3), H2O, and HOx(H, OH, HO2, H2O2) including the effect of vertical eddy transport on the species distribution. The total O3 column density was found to maximize for an O2 level of 0.1 present atmospheric level (PAL) and exceeded the present total O3 column by about 40%. For that level of O2, surface and tropospheric O3 densities exceeded those of the present atmosphere by about an order of magnitude. Surface and tropospheric OH densities of the paleoatmosphere exceeded those of the present atmosphere by orders of magnitude. It was also found that in the O2-deficient paleoatmosphere, N2O (even at present atmospheric levels) produces much less NOx than it does in the present atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 39; Aug. 197
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    The making of the atmosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A model for the evolution of the earth's atmosphere is proposed in which the atmosphere and oceans are assumed to have accumulated as a result of volatile outgassing from the earth's interior. The bulk of the outgassed volatiles were originally trapped within the solid earth during the planetary accretion process, while other volatiles resulted from radiogenic decay within the solid earth. Atmospheric oxygen resulted from the photo-dissociation of water vapor during the earth's early history and from photosynthetic activity in more recent times. The origin and evolution of atmospheric ozone is closely related to the growth of oxygen. The rise of ozone and the evolution of life is discussed in terms of an evolving oxygen atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advan. in Eng. Sci., Vol. 3; p 1191-1201
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Laboratory simulation of ionospheric double-layers (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A mechanism for double-layer formation in partially- or fully-ionized plasmas is described, founded on beam-plasma interaction: RF growth along the beam excites a rectified, ponderomotive electric field, which in turn causes charge separation. Laboratory studies of the mechanism are described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wave instabilities in space plasmas; Jul 31, 1978 - Aug 08, 1978; Helsinki; Finland
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Man's impact on the troposphere: Lectures in tropospheric chemistry (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Lectures covering a broad spectrum of current research in tropospheric chemistry with particular emphasis on the interaction of measurements, modeling, and understanding of fundamental processes are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-RP-1022 , L-12142 , Jan 01, 1977; Hampton, VA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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