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  • Other Sources  (12)
  • 1975-1979  (12)
  • 1
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    Preferential concentration of certain elements in smaller aerosols emitted from aircraft engines (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Aerosols from aircraft engines were collected with an eight-stage cascade sampler for a period of 24 h. The aerosol samples from each stage were analyzed for their elemental composition using the proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique. Seventeen elements (Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Sr, Nb, Sn, and Pb) were positively identified and quantitated at each stage. Six elements (S, Ca, Fe, Zn, Sn, and Pb) showed a fractional concentration increase with decreasing aerosol size. Similar, but less well-defined, trends were also observed for V and Ni. Silicon and chlorine, on the other hand, showed an opposite trend. Neutron-activation analysis of bulk aerosol samples collected every 2 h over the same period showed a correlation between concentration of Si, Ca, V, Ti, Zn, Br, and Sn and the density of air traffic at the airport. Analysis of the aviation-fuel samples by PIXE indicates that major fractions of Pb, Sn, Br, Zn, Ni, Fe, V, Ca, and S observed in these aerosol studies come from the aircraft engine exhaust.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 46; Oct. 197
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Ground temperature measurement by PRT-5 for maps experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A simple algorithm and computer program were developed for determining the actual surface temperature from the effective brightness temperature as measured remotely by a radiation thermometer called PRT-5. This procedure allows the computation of atmospheric correction to the effective brightness temperature without performing detailed radiative transfer calculations. Model radiative transfer calculations were performed to compute atmospheric corrections for several values of the surface and atmospheric parameters individually and in combination. Polynomial regressions were performed between the magnitudes or deviations of these parameters and the corresponding computed corrections to establish simple analytical relations between them. Analytical relations were also developed to represent combined correction for simultaneous variation of parameters in terms of their individual corrections.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-158966
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
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    Evaluation of upwelling infrared radiance from earth's atmosphere (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Basic equations for calculating the upwelling atmospheric radiation are presented which account for various sources of radiation coming out at the top of the atmosphere. The theoretical formulation of the transmittance models (line-by-line and quasi-random band model) and the computational procedures used for the evaluation of the transmittance and radiance are discussed in detail. By employing the Lorentz line-by-line and quasi-random computer programs, model calculations were made to determine the upwelling radiance and signal change in the wave number interval of CO fundamental band. These results are useful in determining the effects of different interfering molecules, water vapor profiles, ground temperatures, and ground emittances on the upwelling radiance and signal change. This information is of vital importance in establishing the feasibility of measuring the concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere from a gas filter correlation instrument flown on an aircraft or mounted on a satellite.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-145711 , TR-75-T14
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Evaluation of transmittance of selected infrared bands (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Computer programs were developed for evaluating homogeneous path transmittance with line-by-line and quasi-random band model formulations. Spectral transmittances for some selected bands of different gases (CO, N2O, CO2, H2O) were obtained using these programs. Results of theoretical computations are compared with available experimental measurements. Significant errors are observed in the results obtained from a quasi-random band model formulation, indicating that it is inadequate to meet the accuracy requirements for atmospheric work.
    Keywords: OPTICS
    Type: NASA-CR-147116 , TR-76-T7
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Retrieval of surface temperature by remote sensing (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A simple procedure and computer program were developed for retrieving the surface temperature from the measurement of upwelling infrared radiance in a single spectral region in the atmosphere. The program evaluates the total upwelling radiance at any altitude in the region of the CO fundamental band (2070-2220 1/cm) for several values of surface temperature. Actual surface temperature is inferred by interpolation of the measured upwelling radiance between the computed values of radiance for the same altitude. Sensitivity calculations were made to determine the effect of uncertainty in various surface, atmospheric and experimental parameters on the inferred value of surface temperature. It is found that the uncertainties in water vapor concentration and surface emittance are the most important factors affecting the accuracy of the inferred value of surface temperature.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-147145 , TR-76-1T8
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Estimation of surface temperature in remote pollution measurement experiments (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A simple algorithm has been developed for estimating the actual surface temperature by applying corrections to the effective brightness temperature measured by radiometers mounted on remote sensing platforms. Corrections to effective brightness temperature are computed using an accurate radiative transfer model for the 'basic atmosphere' and several modifications of this caused by deviations of the various atmospheric and surface parameters from their base model values. Model calculations are employed to establish simple analytical relations between the deviations of these parameters and the additional temperature corrections required to compensate for them. Effects of simultaneous variation of two parameters are also examined. Use of these analytical relations instead of detailed radiative transfer calculations for routine data analysis results in a severalfold reduction in computation costs.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 17; Oct. 197
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Longwave radiative transfer in the atmosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The reported investigation has the objective to develop an accurate radiative transfer model for the thermal infrared region using a quasi-random band model. It is intended to use this model to examine the sensitivity of the outgoing radiance and flux density to the perturbations of such meteorological parameters on the surface emittance and temperature, atmospheric water vapor distribution, cloud altitude and fractional cover, and the concentrations of other infrared active constituents. It is found that the combined effect of N2O and CH4 on the flux is significant and exceeds 1 percent. These two constituents should, therefore, not be neglected in accurate modeling work. The effect of ozone on the flux is too large to be neglected and was partly responsible for the discrepancy between earlier model results and measurements. The effect of cloud depth should be taken into account to obtain better agreement with the measured limb darkening functions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Conference on Atmospheric Radiation; Jun 28, 1978 - Jun 30, 1978; Davis, CA
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    Evaluation of upwelling infrared radiance from the earth's troposphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Basic equations for calculating the upwelling atmospheric radiance are presented. Theoretical formulation of the transmittance models (line-by-line and quasi-random band) and computational procedures for the evaluation of transmittance and radiance are discussed. This information is useful in the interpretation of the data obtained from measuring gaseous pollutants in the troposphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ASME PAPER 76-HT-5 , Heat Transfer Conference; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 11, 1976; St. Louis, MO
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Parameterization of surface temperature retrieval for remote sensing experiments (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper describes a parameterization procedure for determining the actual surface temperature from the effective brightness temperature measured radiometrically in the 11-micron window region. The algorithm permits computation of the atmospheric correction without performing detailed radiative transfer calculations, and corrections for atmospheric water vapor and for variations of surface emittance are explained. The parameterization is based on model calculations performed with a line-by-line radiative transfer program, and the sensitivity of the retrieved surface temperature to uncertainties concerning the water vapor and the surface emittance is examined.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IAF PAPER 78-169 , International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress; Oct 01, 1978 - Oct 08, 1978; Dubrovnik; Yugoslavia
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Remote estimation of surface temperature in pollution measurement experiments (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The procedure described was developed for inferring the effective brightness temperature (EBT) of the underlying surface (at a given altitude) from the computed value of the radiance corresponding to a known surface temperature. A standard temperature correction to EBT (termed 'base correction') is first determined by using a 'base model atmosphere' for computing the upwelling radiance. Additional temperature corrections are then determined by considering several variations of the different surface and atmospheric parameters from their 'base model' values. Empirical relations are derived between the deviations of various surface and atmospheric parameters (from their base model values) and the additional corrections required for the EBT as a result of these variations. Use of such relations for large-scale data reduction, instead of radiative transfer calculations, is expected to result in drastic cost decrease.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Conference on Aerospace and Aeronautical Meteorology and Symposium on Remote Sensing from Satellites; Nov 16, 1976 - Nov 19, 1976; Melbourne, FL
    Format: text
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