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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (10)
  • 1975-1979  (10)
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  • 1
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    Beaufort Sea ice zones as delineated by microwave imagery (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Microwave and infrared data were obtained from a research aircraft over the Beaufort Sea ice from the shoreline of Harrison Bay northward to a latitude of almost 81 deg N. The data acquired were compared with microwave data obtained on the surface at an approximate position of 75 deg N, 150 deg W. Over this north-south transect of the polar ice canopy it was discovered that the sea ice could be divided into five distinct zones. The shorefast sea ice was found to consist uniformly of first-year sea ice. The second zone was found to be a mixture of first-year sea ice, medium size multiyear floes, and many recently refrozen leads, polynyas, and open water; considerable shearing activity was evident in this zone. The third zone was a mixture of first-year and multiyear sea ice which had a uniform microwave signature. The fourth zone was found to be a mixture of first-year sea ice and medium-to-large size multiyear floes which was similar in composition to the second zone. The fifth zone was almost exclusively multiyear ice extending to the North Pole.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Feb. 20
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Geophysical studies of floating ice by remote sensing (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper presents an overview of recent remote-sensing techniques as applied to geophysical studies of floating ice. The current increase in scientific interest in floating ice has occurred during a time of rapid evolution of both remote-sensing platforms and sensors. Mesoscale and macroscale studies of floating ice are discussed under three sensor categories: visual, passive microwave, and active microwave. The specific studies that are reviewed primarily investigate ice drift and deformation, and ice type and ice roughness identification and distribution.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 3
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    Satellites - New global observing techniques for ice and snow (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The possibility that the variation in areal extent of the snow cover may be related by empirical means to the average monthly run-off in a given watershed was demonstrated by comparing run-off records from the Indus River Basin in south-east Asia with a series of snow-cover maps obtained from Nimbus-3 and 4 imagery. Similar studies using the higher spatial resolution available with ERTS-1 imagery were carried out for the Wind River Mountains watersheds in Wyoming, where it was found that the empirical relationship varied with mean elevation of the watershed. In addition, digital image enhancement techniques are shown to be useful for identifying glacier features thought to be related to extent of snow cover, moraine characteristics, debris coverage, and the like. Finally, longer wavelength observations using sensors on board the Nimbus-5 satellite are shown to be useful for indicating crystal size distributions and onset of melting on glacier snow cover.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 4
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    Interim Calibration Report for the SMMR Simulator (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The calibration data obtained during the fall 1978 Nimbus-G underflight mission with the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) simulator on board the NASA CV-990 aircraft were analyzed and an interim calibration algorithm was developed. Data selected for the analysis consisted of in flight sky, first-year sea ice, and open water observations, as well as ground based observations of fixed targets with varied temperatures of selected instrument components. For most of the SMMR channels, a good fit to the selected data set was obtained with the algorithm.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-80564
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Microwave emission from dry and wet snow (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A microscopic model was developed to study the microwave emission from snow. In this model, the individual snow particles are considered to be the scattering centers. Mie scattering theory for spherical particles is then used to compute the volume scattering and extinction coefficients of the closely packed scattering spheres, which are assumed not to interact coherently. The results of the computations show significant volume scattering effects in the microwave region which result in low observed emissivities from cold, dry snow. In the case of wet snow, the microwave emissivities are increased considerably, in agreement with earlier experimental observations in which the brightness temperatures have increased significantly at the onset of melting.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: PAPER-27 , Operational Appl. of Satellite Snowcover Observations; p 399-407
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  • 6
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    Microwave brightness of polar firn as measured by Nimbus 5 and 6 ESMR (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The microwave emission from a half-space medium characterized by coordinate dependent scattering and absorbing centers was calculated by numerically solving the radiative transfer equation by the method of invariant imbedding. A Mie scattering phase function and surface polarization was included in the calculation. Also included are the physical temperature profile and the temperature variation of the index of refraction for ice. Using published values of grain size and temperature profile data of polar firn, the brightness temperature was calculated for the 1.55 cm and 0.8 cm wavelengths. For selected regions in Greenland and Antarctica, the results are in reasonable agreement with the observed Nimbus-5 and Nimbus-6 ESMR data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-79662
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  • 7
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    Microwave emission from snow and glacier ice (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The microwave brightness temperature for snow fields was studied assuming that the snow cover consists of closely packed scattering spheres which do not interact coherently. The Mie scattering theory was used to compute the volume scattering albedo. It is shown that in the wavelength range from 0.8 to 2.8 cm, most of the micro-radiation emanates from a layer 10 meters or less in thickness. It is concluded that it is possible to determine snow accumulation rates as well as near-surface temperature.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70871 , X-910-75-36
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  • 8
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    Ice reconnaissance by satellite (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper describes the significant milestones in the use of satellites for snow and ice monitoring. The feasibility of such monitoring was demonstrated by the Tiros 2 satellite in 1961. Nimbus 1 showed that breaks in the sea ice can be easily monitored during continuous nighttime conditions; Nimbus 3 showed the practicality of delineating regions of active melting of ice and snow in temperate areas. Landsat data have been found to be particularly useful for monitoring and studying glaciers and their attendant surface features. Ice concentration can be determined with reasonable accuracy from a sequence of electronically scanned microwave radiomenter images made aboard Nimbus 5. In the future we can expect improved sensors and spacecraft systems with longer operating lives.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing; Sep 22, 1975 - Sep 24, 1975; Alberta; Canada
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    An integrated approach to the remote sensing of floating ice (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Review article on remote sensing applications to glaciology. Ice parameters sensed include: ice cover vs open water, ice thickness, distribution and morphology of ice formations, vertical resolution of ice thickness, ice salinity (percolation and drainage of brine; flushing of ice body with fresh water), first-year ice and multiyear ice, ice growth rate and surface heat flux, divergence of ice packs, snow cover masking ice, behavior of ice shelves, icebergs, lake ice and river ice; time changes. Sensing techniques discussed include: satellite photographic surveys, thermal IR, passive and active microwave studies, microwave radiometry, microwave scatterometry, side-looking radar, and synthetic aperture radar. Remote sensing of large aquatic mammals and operational ice forecasting are also discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing; Sep 22, 1975 - Sep 24, 1975; Alberta; Canada
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  • 10
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    Surface and atmosphere parameter maps from earth-orbiting radiometers (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Earlier studies have shown that an earth-orbiting electrically scanned microwave radiometer (ESMR) is capable of inferring the extent, concentration, and age of sea ice; the extent, concentration, and thickness of lake ice; rainfall rates over oceans; surface wind speeds over open water; particle size distribution in the deep snow cover of continental ice sheets; and soil moisture content in unvegetated fields. Most other features of the surface of the earth and its atmosphere require multispectral imaging techniques to unscramble the combined contributions of the atmosphere and the surface. Multispectral extraction of surface parameters is analyzed on the basis of a pertinent equation in terms of the observed brightness temperature, the emissivity of the surface which depends on wavelength and various parameters, the sensible temperature of the surface, and the total atmospheric opacity which is also wavelength dependent. Implementation of the multispectral technique is examined. Properties of the surface of the earth and its atmosphere to be determined from a scanning multichannel microwave radiometer are tabulated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Conference on Communications; Jun 14, 1976 - Jun 16, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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